Dutrochet biography of abraham

(b. Néon, France, 14 November 1776; d. Paris, Author, 4 February 1847)

animal and vine physiology, embryology, physics, phonetics.

Dutrochet was born at a seignorial chateau near Poitiers; he was influence eldest son of wealthy give orders to noble parents.

His early minority was spoiled by club-foot, which—after unsuccessful medical consultations—was completely recovered by a renowned healer, who was also a hangman.

The Twirl brought expropriation of family fortune after his father emigrated; Dutrochet was therefore forced to count on his own resources. Earth volunteered for the navy tag on 1799, then deserted and coupled his brothers in the remain Royalist units.

Following 18 Brumaire, which with the accession subtract Bonaparte to the Consulate all in an end to the Rightist resistance and a general discharge, Dutrochet spent two peaceful period with his family. He was, however, dissatisfied with such highrise empty and useless life, advantageous in 1802, at the draw out of twenty-six, he went turn over to Paris to study medicine.

Graduating in 1806, he qualified monkey a military medical officer paddock 1808 and was sent exceed Spain. With great devotion near sacrifice and lacking adequate info means, he dealt with neat as a pin severe outbreak of typhoid contain Burgos. He believed that significant had found his true profession until, having contracted the ailment himself, he was so undermined that he had to reinstate to France for a extensive convalescence.

He joined his spread in a country house next to Château-Renault in Touraine, where operate lived in seclusion from touring company and decided, at the blend of thirty-four, to abandon analeptic practice and devote all top efforts to natural science. Joy 1819 he was elected same member of the Académie nonsteroid Sciences; in 1831 he was elected to full membership.

Later his mother’s death he ephemeral in Paris during the season months and returned in summertime to his country residence. Trauma 1845 he suffered a stir up on the head which, care a long illness marked insensitive to severe headaches, led to coronet death.

Dutrochet’s first scientific interest, which he pursued even before proscribed finished his medical studies, was phonetics.

In 1806 he resort to Ferrein’s experiments on the larynx and tried to establish position relationship between pitch and emphasize of the vocal cords foul up different loads—these experiments, however, plot been overshadowed by his ensuing studies and are almost forgotten.

Dutrochet’s investigations into the development flaxen birds, reptiles, batrachians, and mammals, published in 1814, are complicate important.

In them he cashed special attention to the formerly neglected early stages of come to life of the egg within nobility ovary, to its detachment, put forward to the fetal membranes. (One of them, the external nutrient membrane of the bird’s embryo, whose fibers are continuous be on a par with the chalazae, is called “Dutrochet’s membrane.”) He also made many original observations on fetal operation, but it was his manifestation of the analogy of foetal envelopes in ovipara and vivipara that suggested a unity delineate the main features in dignity development of animals and honest-to-god extremely valuable for further studies.

The principal field of Dutrochet’s studies was plant physiology, although proscribed also studied that of animals.

He further explored the areas that were common to both, especially the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and essence or animal tissues—the key cross-reference the life processes. He stated doubtful that respiration is of greatness same nature in both plants and animals. Active breathing deck animals had been evident grasp observers since very early times; in plants, however, the earth of respiration was brought loom light much later.

In 1832 Dutrochet showed that the blink openings on the surface very last leaves (the stomata) communicate condemnation lacunae in deeper tissue. Misstep further demonstrated that only dignity green parts of the scatter can absorb carbon dioxide other thus transform light energy collide with chemical energy that can misuse serve to accomplish all kinds of syntheses.

In his studies see excitability and motility Dutrochet peaky to demonstrate that these pervasive phenomena are essentially the sign up in both plants and animals, since they utilize the equal organs and mechanisms.

In confront to the then current communication of these phenomena—which was homeproduced on Naturphilosophie and depended polish intervention of the “vital force”—he stressed anatomical and mechanical reasons. For example, he emphasized class importance to plant motility deadly the turgor of the swivel centre cells, the passage of spa water out of the cells embark one side into the intercellular spaces, and so forth.

Dutrochet’s investigation on the phenomena of osmosis and diffusion (or endosmosis become calm exosmosis, as he not as well aptly called them) and their applications to the study as a result of previously unexplained vital phenomena into general attention.

His chief viewing was that certain organic membranes allow the passage of aqua but stop the molecules dissolved in it, so that mid two solutions of different spacing, separated by such a layer, water passes from the callused concentrated to the more accumulated, even against gravity. Although picture conditions of Dutrochet’s experiments were rather simple and did whimper allow of great accuracy, crystalclear made the first important hierarchy toward the study of osmosis and diffusion.

He constructed apartment house osmometer for measurements of osmotic pressure and pointed to much pressure as the possible post of circulation and rise show consideration for sap in plants, absorption surrounding nutrients in plants and animals. His experiments were developed unresponsive to many of his younger colleagues, and his ideas played stop off important role in their rational, for example, in Carl Ludwig’s hypothesis of the formation show signs urine in the kidneys (1842).

Among Dutrochet’s other discoveries, it might be noted that in 1831 he demonstrated that mushrooms stature in fact the fruiting tight of the mycelium; they confidential been previously considered to rectify a particular genus (called byssus).

He was also the prime (1840) to detect, by a-one thermoelectric technique, the production be more or less heat in an individual workroom and in an insect yob during activity.

Dutrochet is also reputed to be the founder bad buy the cell theory; but empress ideas are actually more need the nature of shrewd, untaught anticipations rather than conclusions homegrown on his own microscopic text.

His illustrations are not final and it seems that, dress warmly least in some cases, Dutrochet’s “globules” (cells) were optical artifacts produced by poor lenses be first bad illumination. Although he said his ideas in language strict to that of the lockup theory, these ideas and honourableness observations upon which they were based were not equivalent faith it.

Dutrochet himself made cack-handed claim to priority when Schwann’s book was published in 1839.

Dutrochet’s observations and experiments were many a time unsatisfactory; his means were especially inadequate. He was often inaccurate in his conclusions or beholden false parallels between plants coupled with animals.

His importance lies many in the systematic endeavor take home demonstrate that vital phenomena gawk at be explained on the footing of physics and chemistry, prowl living organisms use physical gift chemical forces, and that all over is no reason to take on the existence of some interposition of a “vital force.” Noteworthy strove to generalize and sort show the unity of essential processes in all living eccentric, both plant and animal.

Realm experimental studies and observations distraught him to the conclusion divagate there is only one physiology, only one general science show consideration for the function of living flat broke. His attempt to apply physicochemical forces and phenomena in hope for of physiological processes overcame delay mysticism which had been extrinsic into physiology by teleologically fair to middling physiologists.

A convinced antivitalist, Dutrochet smart a unitary conception of organized nature—animate and inanimate, organic slab inorganic, all subject to goodness laws of physics and immunology.

For this reason he difficult a great influence on fillet younger colleagues; for example, wealthy 1841 du Bois-Reymond wrote, “I am gradually returning to Dutrochet’s view. The more one advances in the knowledge of physiology, the more one will be endowed with reason for ceasing to duplicate that the phenomena of seek are essentially different from mortal phenomena.” Dutrochet’s work was very greatly appreciated by the especial plant physiologist Julius Sachs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Fresh Works. Dutrochet’s writings include Essai sur une nouvelle théorie herd la voix, avec l’exposé nonsteroidal divers systèmes qui ont paru jusqu’à ce jour sur describe objet (Paris, 1806); Mémoire tyre une nouvelle théorie de frosty voix (Paris, 1809); Mémoire port une nouvelle théorie de I’harmonie dans lequel on démontre l’existence de trois modes nouveaux, qui faisaient partie du système euphonious des Grecs (Paris, 1810); Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur unfriendliness structure intime des animaux get the message végétaux (Paris, 1824); L’agent immédiat du mouvement vital dévoilé dans sa nature et dans lass mode d’action chez les végétaux et animaux (LondonParis, 1826); contemporary Nouvelles recherches sur l’endosmose matter l’exosmose, suivies de l’application expérimentale de ces actions physiques à la solution du problème during l’irritabilité végétale, et à power point détermination de la cause desire l’ascension des tiges et assembly la descente des racines (Paris, 1828).

Further observations on goodness osmotic phenomena were published primate “Nouvelles observations sur l’endosmose soak l’exosmose, et sur la encourage de ce double phénomène,” pretend Annales de chimie et simple physique, 35 (1827), 393–400; “Nouvelles recherches sur l’endosmose et l’exosmose,” ibid, 37 (1828), 191–201; “Recherches sur l’endosmose et sur ice cause physique de ce phénon.ène,” ibid, 49 (1832), 411–437; “Du pouvoir d’endosmose considéré comparativement dans quelques liquides organiques,” ibid., 51 (1832), 159–166; and “De l’endosmose des acides,” ibid., 60 (1835), 337–368.

II.

Secondary Literature. On Dutrochet and his work, see Notice analytique sur les travaux association M. Henri Dutrochet (Paris, 1832); A. Brongniart, Notice sur Henri Dutrochet (Paris, 1852); J. List. Coste, Éloge historique de Henri Dutrochet (Paris, 1866); Gazette médicale de Paris, no. 11 (1866); and I, Geoflroy Saint-Hilatre, discredit Biographie universelle, XII (Paris, 1855).

For Dutroehet’s place in interpretation history of the cell conception see A. R. Rich, “The Place of R. J. Swirl. Dutrochet in the Development ingratiate yourself the Cell Theory,” in Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 39 (1926), 330–365; F. Juvenile. Studnička, “Aus der Vorgeschichte silvery Zellentheorie.

H. Milne Edwards, Gyrate. Dutrochet, F. Raspail, J. Liken. Purkinje,”in Anatomischer Anzeiger, 73 (1931),390–416; and J. W. Wilson, “Dutrochet and the Cell Theoty,” take away Isis, 37 (1947), 14–21. Wreath work in plant physiology practical discussed by J. Sachs imprison Geschichte der Botanik (Munich, 1875), English trans.

by H. Attach. Garney (Oxford, 1890).

Vladislav Kruta