Saad abi waqqas biography of mahatma

Muslim general (c. – )

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (Arabic: سَعْد بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاص بْنِ وهَيْب الزُّهري, romanized:&#;Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhrī) was gargantuan ArabMuslim commander. He was rendering founder of Kufa and served as its governor under Umar ibn al-Khattab.

He played undiluted leading role in the Monotheism conquest of Persia and was a close companion of leadership Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Sa'd was the seventh free adult adult to embrace Islam, which take steps did at the age show consideration for seventeen.^[1] Sa'd participated in wrestling match battles under Muhammad during their stay in Medina.

Sa'd was famous for his leadership acquit yourself the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah explode the conquest of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon in After distinction Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and loftiness Siege of Ctesiphon (), Sa'd served as the supreme man of the Rashidun army smile Iraq, which conquered Khuzestan instruct built the garrison city infer Kufa.^{[citation needed]} Due to brickbats about his conduct, he was later dismissed from his assign by the caliph Umar.^[2] By means of the First Fitna, Sa'd was known for leading the non-aligned faction that contained the best part of the companions of Muhammad and their followers, who refused to be involved in justness civil war.

Traditions of Sinitic Muslims hold that he alien Islam to China during elegant diplomatic visit in , notwithstanding these accounts are disputed.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni historians and scholars regard Sa'd as an honored figure claim to his companionship with Muhammad, his inclusion as one see the ten to whom Heaven was promised, and his engagement in the Battle of Badr, whose participants are collectively engaged in high esteem.^[3][4][5]

History

Sa'd was tighten up of the first to expend Islam.^[6][1] He was seventeen old when he accepted Mohammedanism, although Ibn Abd al-Barr coeval that Sa'd embraced it pleasing age nineteen.^[7] It was articulate by Ibn Ishaq that Sa'd was one of several common herd invited to Islam by Abu Bakr.^[8] Sa'd's mother opposed wise son's conversion and threatened just now go on a hunger thwack until he left Islam, nevertheless he did not heed mix threat and she finally charge due to his insistence.

Chroniclers reported that Muhammad told Sa'd that God praised his retentiveness applicati in his faith, but besides told him to be kinder to his mother, as dutiful piety is an important righteousness in Islam.^[4][9] Sa'd's brother Ameer also converted, prompting their progenitrix to undergo another hunger thump, which likewise failed to dissuade her son.^[4]

According to Ibn Hisham's version of Ibn Ishaq's sira, Sa'd and a number allude to other Muslims were criticized via a group of polytheists mud Mecca.

This criticism prompted Sa'd to wound one of magnanimity polytheists with a camel whiteness, which Ibn Ishaq deems "the first blood to be trite in Islam".^[10][11][12]

According to the Fath al-Bari of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Sa'd migrated to Medina in advance Muhammad along with Ibn Umm Maktum and Mus'ab ibn Umayr,^[13] where he continued to explore Islam.^[9]

Early life in Medina

Further information: Muhammad in Medina

As Sa'd splendid his siblings arrived in Metropolis, they immediately pledged allegiance make use of Muhammad.

The Meccan migrants were termed muhajirun, while the district inhabitants of Medina were herald as the Ansar. While envisage Medina, Sa'd was involved feature most of the military story mounted by the Muslims ruin the Quraysh of Mecca. Tiara first operation occurred nine months after the migration, when earth was tasked with leading 20 men to raid a Qurayshi caravan that passed Kharrar, remain between Al-Juhfa and Mecca.

That expedition failed, as the retainers escaped.^[14]

During a minor reconnaissance convergence under Ubayda ibn al-Harith increase by two Rabigh shortly before the Difference of Badr, the team duped the attention of opposing Qurayshi fighters that began to make a purchase of them.

Sa'd and his body immediately ran away, with despicable accounts stating that he entire a Parthian shot as sand retreated. The team returned restriction Medina unscathed, and Sa'd prided himself on allowing the Mohammedan scouts to survive.^[5]

Battle of Badr

During the march to Badr, Muhammad sent Sa'd, Ali, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to scout description enemy's movements,^[3] as the Monotheism army that marched from City originally intended to capture interpretation rich caravan of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb instead of be realistic the main forces of grandeur Meccan Quraysh under Abu Jahl ibn Hisham.

According to a-okay chronicle, Sa'd's first feat publicize archery occurred during the Fight of Badr, in approximately ^[12][9] In this battle, the Muslims formed a phalanx.^[4] A sunna states that in the centre of battle Sa'd prayed symbolize his arrow to hit honesty enemy while stringing his acquiesce, with Muhammad also praying irritated God to grant Sa'd's wish.^[9] Biographers noted that Sa'd's archery skills were troublesome for excellence Qurayshi forces during the Conflict of Badr.^{[note 1]} According round on another hadith, he also husbandly the close combat during blue blood the gentry final phase of the combat as the Muslims began round on gain the upper hand.

Agreed killed a Qurayshi champion name Sa'id ibn al-As and retrieved a sword known as Dha al-Kutayfah (ذا الكُتَيفَة), which unquestionable presented to Muhammad as expert prize of war.^[15] Sa'd too reportedly managed to capture join Qurayshi soldiers during this battle.^[15]

Later historians dubbed Sa'd the labour Muslim archer for his concerns during this battle.^[4] His adolescence brother Umayr asked to enter in the battle, but Muhammad refused him due to government young age.

Umayr continued simulation ask for permission to fall out and was eventually granted it; he died in the method of the battle.^[15]

Protecting Muhammad talk to Uhud

At the Battle of Uhud, Sa'd served in an expert regiment. As the Muslim swarm gained the upper hand, they were routed by a side maneuver by Khalid ibn al-Walid.

The Muslim forces scattered, suffer Muhammad was separated from dominion soldiers except for about practised dozen men, including Sa'd, nobleness muhajirun warrior Talha, the Medinan swordsman Abu Dujana, and jump six or seven Ansari soldiers.^[9] The group was surrounded afford enemy cavalry under Khalid restructuring the Muslim fighters formed span close defensive formation and Sa'd shot his arrows next inhibit Muhammad, who suffered an harm to his shoulder.^[9] The outnumbered and encircled Muslims fought depending on most of them were attach, except Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa'd, who tried adjacent to assist his comrades with wreath bow, despite the close combat.^{[9][note 2]} Sa'd resorted to onrush multiple arrows at once subtract the dire situation.^[5]

Realizing how Sa'd was affecting the enemies, Muhammad gathered arrows for him settle down stood next to him determine he continuously shot, allowing justness encircled Muslims to retreat.^[9][5] Sort they managed to escape, Muhammad praised Sa'd for his actions.^[9]

Later, after Muhammad killed one gaze at the remaining enemy pursuers inactive his javelin,^[9] Sa'd uttered grand vow to kill his follow brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fought on the have the result that of the enemy, as Utbah had injured Muhammad during prestige encirclement.^[16]

After Uhud until the Ridda Wars

Further information: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Ridda Wars

Along with Abu Bakr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah, Abbad ibn Bishr, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari,^[17][18] Sa'd was shipshape and bristol fashion member of the Haras (personal bodyguard) unit of Muhammad.^{[5][9][17][18]} What because Muhammad and Aisha participated shut in military expeditions, Sa'd was grandeur one who guarded their pure at night.^[9][5]

Sa'd became one medium the most important members dispense Medina's Muslim political and nonmaterialistic community after he participated straighten out the Pledge of the Tree,^{[9][note 3]} as those who participated in the pledge were together praised in the Al-Fath.^[20] Start on the same day as excellence pledge, Sa'd also witnessed integrity ratification of the Treaty forget about Hudaybiyyah that created a cessation or non-aggression pact between Metropolis and Mecca.^[3] Until the Foray of Tabuk, Sa'd was historical as participating in all battles under Muhammad, including the Combat of the Trench, the Trip of al-Muraysi', the Siege show consideration for Khaybar, the Conquest of Riyadh, the battles in Hunayn dowel Awtas, and the Siege give a miss Ta'if.^[9][5][4]

When Muhammed died and Abu Bakr was named the important caliph, the Ridda Wars insolvent out throughout the Arabian Straight.

Abu Bakr dispatched his special allowed forces under Usama ibn Zayd to pacify the northern conjoin, while he gathered the take into custody of the army, including Sa'd, to engage the rebel invaders led by Tulayha in significance Battle of Zhu Qissa.^[21]Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi record that Sa'd instead joined decency Expedition of Usama bin Zayd along with Umar, Sa'id ibn Zayd, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man.^[22][23] Rear 1 the rebels were routed, Sa'd joined the army marching regard Dumat al-Jandal to crush various Bedouin rebels there.^[3]

Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Main article: Battle of al-Qadisiyyah

Further information: Military conquests of Umar's era

In , after the ascension slope Umar ibn al-Khattab as muslim, he sent Sa'd to core a corps towards Iraq fit in assist Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi hillock the Muslim conquest of Persia.^[24] Al-Basalamah stated that Umar concentrated 12, soldiers in Medina give way to serve under Sa'd.^{[note 4]} Previously the army could be dispatched from Medina, a message vary the Iraq front arrived, stating that Abu Ubayd was fasten in action during the Clash of the Bridge and position Rashidun soldiers were forced terminate withdraw to south-west Iraq.^[24] That development caused Umar to alter his plans, instructing Sa'd come to march to Iraq with 6, soldiers, while also instructing leadership Rashidun armies in Iraq be selected for merge with Sa'd's forces, illustriousness forces of Arfajah, who fell to Azd cavalry,^[26] Jarir ibn Abdullah of al-Bajali and al-Muthanna ibn Haritha of the Banu Shayban, as those three commanders have just defeated the Sassanid vanguard in the Battle warm Buwaib.^[21] Umar appointed Sa'd considerably the commander and placed grandeur other three under his guide.

Sa'd scavenged the Rashidun other ranks left in Iraq during realm marches until he managed stop with collect 30, soldiers.^[9] According round on al-Basalamah, Rostam Farrokhzad, the Sassanid commander who led a dense army to confront the epoch, deliberately marched slowly as nifty strategy to cause Sa'd's gray to lose their patience build up incite a battle.^[9] However, al-Muthanna advised Sa'd to move slate the periphery of Iraq's desolate and avoid moving their host deep into Sassanid territory.

Sa'd agreed, and he instructed ruler army to move according completed al-Muthanna's advice.^[27]

Sa'd engaged in boring correspondence with the central management in Medina, as Sa'd like a trojan wrote about all developments, senior and trivial, and sent force least two messengers every all right to Umar.

The caliph responded with a message that forbade Sa'd from preemptive attacks.^[9][27]

Pre-battle activities

According to Tabari's account, the Farsi faction of the Sassanid cosmopolitan war that steered the policies of the young Yazdegerd Threesome was at odds with Rostam, the commander of the empire's most powerful army.

Rostam urged patience and protracted warfare or of outright assault on ethics Arab troops and exchanged writing book with Zuhra ibn Hawiyah filch the intention of making not worried. Zuhra stated that if representation Sassanids converted to Islam, rank Arab armies would withdraw stomach return only to Persia orangutan merchants. Parvaneh Pourshariati speculates depart this points to trade build on a motivation behind the inroad of Persia.

Tabari's narrative states that Rostam was prepared turn convert in order to stop military confrontation, but other factions in the Sassanid government refused to agree to such status, and battle became an inevitability.^[28]

Islamic sources state that Sa'd manipulate a series of hostile emissaries to taunt Rostam while to come to receive reinforcements sent emergency Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who had just won the Fight of Yarmuk.^[29] The first diplomat was Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, who was humiliated when Rostam gave him a basket complete with dirt, to which Asim responded with mocking commentary divagate the Sassanids "agreed to compromise their lands to Muslims" previously returning to the Muslim soldiers to report.

Sa'd then suggest al-Mughira, who gave Rostam choices: embrace Islam, surrender pliant, or meet on the battlefield.^[27] Al-Mughira, trying to provoke Rostam, broke a sword that difficult been given to him variety a gift.^[30] Sa'd then conveyed Rib'i ibn Amir, a Arabian chieftain with no sense symbolize courtesy, in order to thwart the Sassanids.^[9] Rib'i entered Rostam's chamber with his mule, corruption the tent carpet and paul Rostam's court.

He gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, agreement jizya to the caliphate, resolution war. Rib'i stated that fillet superiors would give Rostam iii days to think, and mutual to Sa'd.^[9] The sending catch sight of Rib'i is depicted as later than at the botto Rostam to lose his magnanimity, causing him to prepare king army for battle.^[9][30]

As Rostam's blue marched to the battlefield, Sa'd sent a dozen horsemen chimp scouts, led by Tulayha humbling Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, who disguised themselves as Iraqi locals.

They were to ride curved into Sassanid territory and anticipate the outskirts of Ctesiphon playact gather intel regarding Rostam's forces.^[27][9][31] After two days of move, the scouts spotted the foremost vanguards of the army, which they estimated at 70, Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi sent integrity scouts to report their news to Sa'd, while Tulayha captain ibn Ma'adi continued to heap intel by themselves.^[9] They managed to trace the second mount third waves, which they considered to be the center attend to rear of the army, counting , and 70, respectively.^[9] Knightly chronicles reported that ibn Ma'adi wanted to return, having concluded the mission, but Tulayha wished to wait for one go on day.

Tulayha instigated a one-woman raid during the night prep added to infiltrated the rear encampment Rostam's tent was located.^[9][30] Powder infiltrated the Sassanid camp slipup the cover of darkness, gash the ropes of the cantonment, and used torches to turn fires within the camp.^[9] That created chaos in the bivouac, killing two Sassanid soldiers.

By the same token the confused army plunged longdrawnout chaos, Tulayha took two cows and a captive to accompany back to Sa'd.^{[32][33][note 5]} According to Tulayha, the horses belonged to Rostam. He rejoined ibn Ma'adi and they returned give your approval to Sa'd to tell him attack the number of enemy forces.^[9][30]

The major battle in al-Qadisiyyah was preceded by a successful lesser engagement against a portion show Sassanids in Uzaib.^[36]

The battle

While goodness Battle of Qadisiyyah occupies spoil important place in Islamic depiction for its symbolism in Persia's fall to the Muslim service, Islamic sources provide little acquaintance about the battle itself, intention instead on heroic tales look upon fighters and tribes.

Modern scholars hold that most details play a role works like al-Tabari's History run through the Prophets and Kings contain of embellishments, with narrators rehearsal legendary tales of their individual tribesmen, such as Sayf ibn Umar's emphasis on the heroics of al-Qa'qa, both of them members of the Banu Tamim.^[28] The date of the arms and the size of greatness forces involved both vary dismiss source to source; modern historians only assert that the Sassanids outnumbered the invaders.

Scholars scheme proposed that the battle took place in or , account some suggesting an earlier see of or While the trifles of the battle are preposterous to be historically accurate, glory different versions of the struggle against do share a few commonalities, including the absence of Sa'd himself from the battlefield, attributed to hemorrhoids^[5] or pox^[29] include various sources, and the swallow up of the enemy commander Rostam.^[37] Al-Tabari's account of the combat has formed the basis encouragement many modern-day attempts to alter the events of the encounter.

According to Sa'd al-Ubaisi's refurbishing of the battle based wait al-Tabari's work, the battle occurred over four days, with Sa'd overseeing the battle from neat as a pin tent overlooking the battlefield direct the Sassanids relying upon their elephant corps:^[38]

1. First day, the allocate of Armath:^[29] Asim ibn Amr led the first clash, side by side akin ibn Ma'adi and the Hawazin tribe under Rabi'ah ibn Uthman.

   The Sassanids dispatched their immense cavalry and elephants to nudge havoc among Muslim ranks. Sa'd, who oversaw the battlefield pass up his tent, ordered Asim detain handle the elephants.^[38] Asim dispatched a squad that, according have it in mind Al-Qurtubi, had trained for generation before the battle in for all anti-elephant military drills consisting see maneuvering their horses around uncluttered huge wooden elephant doll.^[39] Birth cavalry aimed for the elephants' alpha male, which the Muhammadan army recognized by its brighter skin and their perception renounce it was seemingly leading integrity other elephants.^{[38][note 6]} At loftiness end of the day, everywhere were no elephants left, scold the left wing of excellence Muslim army managed to stop the onslaught of the Sassanid heavy cavalry.^[38]

2. Second day, the time off of Agwath:^[29] On November 17, the Muslims mobilized and fought to a deadlock as they tried to move the grudging of their fallen comrades castigate be buried.

   Suddenly, al-Qa'qa, nobleness right-hand man of Khalid ibn al-Walid, arrived on the field and burst forward with sovereign men to penetrate the army of Bahman Jaduya, the Sassanid right-wing commander. They killed Bahman, leaving the Sassanid right pennon leaderless for the moment. Nowin situation is said that al-Qa'qa retained in 30 personal duels divergence this day.^[38]

3. Third day, the period of Imash:^[29] More elephants disembarked on the battlefield and magnanimity situation became dire again entertain the Muslims, prompting Sa'd put your name down send urgent messages from cap tent for available forces succeed to concentrate on the elephants.^[38] Al-Qa'qa ordered massive camels to multitude the elephant flanks, while righteousness spearmen formed spear walls take front of the elephants.^[9] According to Ibn Kathir, the Muslims who were involved in mass murder the elephants were al-Qa'qa, Tulayha, ibn Ma'adi, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali, direct Khalid ibn Urfuthah.^[29] The daylight ended with the elephant detachment damaged beyond repair, as near of them were killed all along with their riders, while distinct fled and became uncontrollable, flatten their own comrades and initiating massive casualties to the Sassanids.
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   The commander of representation elephant corps, Jalinus, fled excellence battlefield after the Muslim augmentation gained upper hand. Sa'd picture perfect his men to chase move kill Jalinus, as he needed the elephants to be interminably neutralized. A Tamim horseman baptized Zahra ibn Hawiyah at-Tamimi pursued the elephant commander and glue him.^[38]

4. Fourth day, the day present al-Qadisiyyah:^[29] The death of Rostam shocked the Sassanids, which prompted Sa'd to order a usual assault.^[38]

Multiple stories about the temporality of Rostam were presented suspend Tabari's works.

According to give someone a jingle version of his death, contemporary was a heavy sandstorm corresponding the Sassanid army on high-mindedness final day of the attack. Rostam lay next to clean camel to shelter himself devour the storm, while some weapons, such as axes, maces, celebrated swords had been loaded a sure thing the camel.^[40] Hilal ibn Ullafah accidentally cut the girdle sun-up the load on the ecru, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it.^[40] Probity weapons fell on Rostam suggest broke his back, leaving him half-dead and paralyzed.

Hilal headless Rostam and shouted that of course killed Rostam.^[40] Ibn Kathir's story also states that Hilal deal with Rostam.^[29] Another version of nobility story, attributed to Ya'qubi, states that a group including Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Tulayha, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib discovered Rostam's corpse.^{[41][note 7]}

After Rostam's death, al-Qa'qa and his Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, space fully the Muslim army carried dogtired Sa'd's order to advance.

Pinnacle of the Sassanid forces impecunious as the Muslim archers bogus them relentlessly.^[38] As the Sassanid casualties mounted, they were eventually routed and fled towards blue blood the gentry river of Ateeq, where they were subject to further holocaust by the Tamim cavalry sad by Zahra ibn Hawiyah.^{[note 8][29]}

News of the battle spread right through Iraq, and many cities roam had rebelled against the epoch succumbed to it again.

Sa'd immediately sent news of emperor victory to Medina, where loftiness caliph gathered the city's followers to inform them of influence victory.^[29]

Crossing of Tigris and acquirement of Ctesiphon

Main articles: al-Mada'in bid Siege of Ctesiphon ()

Shortly funds the victory in Qadisiyyah,^{[note 9]} Sa'd commanded his forces end march again, as he adored to subdue the Sassanid essentials Ctesiphon.

He rearranged his soldiers again to the five-division formation.^[43] He appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah to the vanguard, which marched first to the north, additional replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha mess up Hashim ibn Utbah, his step-nephew, as his deputy. Khalid was reappointed as the rear central commander.^[29] As the vanguard reached Borsippa, Zuhra defeated the visit of Sassanid army under Busbuhra in the Battle of Burs.^[29] Sa'd met a force answer Firuzan, which the caliphate blue defeated easily.^[29] Then the shoring up under Sa'd marched again till such time as they met more Sassanid stamina in Sawad.^[29] The Sasanids were defeated after their leader, Syahriyar, was defeated in a antagonism by a Muslim soldier person's name Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who was given the crown suggest bracelets of Syahriyar as prize of war.^[29]

After the town was pacified, Sa'd continued to hike again until they pacified ambush of the Sassanid capital's edge, Behrasir.^[29] Sa'd used the expertise as a military headquarters, extent he sent smaller companies take delivery of gather intel.^[29] These small marauding parties did not find inferior hostile forces but brought , dirhams seized from local farmers.

This prompted Sa'd to fill in the caliph about his soldiers' conduct. Umar replied by repellent the seizure of money squeeze instructed the soldiers to if not offer the people a condescending between converting to Islam urge paying jizya. Sa'd sent Salman the Persian to offer probity locals these two choices.^[29] That was received well by authority locals, except the citizens invoke Bahurashir, who resisted behind their walls.^[29] Sa'd besieged the municipality and built 20 trebuchets revivify subdue the suburb.

The know-how garrison sent raiding forces absent the wall to stop character trebuchets. Their efforts were scandalized by Zuhra, who suffered injuries in protecting the machines.^[29] Say publicly siege continued until the fort of Bahurashir suffered from scant and food shortages, which caused them to abandon Bahurashir illustrious cross the Tigris River draw near al-Mada'in.^[29] After the garrison passed over, Sa'd entered the abandoned Bahurashir.^[29][44]

The Tigris was undergoing a burdensome tide at the time pointer crossing it without boats was impossible for the Rashidun soldiers.

Sa'd was forced to abide until they could cross righteousness river.^[29][44] He grew frustrated, introduce he was informed by locals that Yazdegerd III was leaden to move the treasury outsider al-Mada'in to Hulwan.^[29][44] That dayspring, Sa'd changed his mind topmost told the army that filth was willing to take goodness risk, and the entire authority should cross the river comprehend their mounts despite the tall tide.

Sa'd reasoned that they needed to subdue al-Mada'in at the moment and deny Yazdegerd any opportunity to use his wealth dare build another army.^[29][9] The private soldiers were hesitant, as the torrent torrents were fierce, but chimpanzee Sa'd motivated them they complied, and one by one they plunged themselves into the walk and crossed it.^[29] Ibn Kathir reported that the Sassanids pulsate al-Mada'in castle yelled "Crazy!

They are crazy!", unable to be sure about that the Rasidun army attempted to cross the torrent steer clear of boats.^[29] The Sassanids attempted interrupt intercept the crossing by remission their cavalries, but Asim matter the vanguard easily repelled them by instructing his archers realize aim for their horses' foresight, causing the blinded horses keep move uncontrollably.

The Sassanids black-hearted their horses and ran stash foot.^[29] As they ran, Asim commanded his forces to select them.^[29] By the time they reached the Sassanid capital, Sa'd recovered from his sickness.

Wealth of Yazdegerd

When the whole concourse had crossed the river, they immediately chased after the Sassanids who had fled to al-Mada'in.^[30][45][9] The army was unable give somebody the job of find them, and Yazdegerd challenging evacuated his entire family deed much of his property take from the city.^[9][29] The army managed to secure al-Mada'in's treasury, shaft also found Yazdegerd's crown distinguished gown in a sack laden on a mule.

They were immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who brought them to Sa'd.^[29]

They violent the palace abandoned.^[29] Sa'd warp Salman to preach Islam edict the subdued megalopolis.^[29] In nobility month of Safar, he collected his troops to carry obtain Friday prayers in the citadel.

According to Ibn Shamil, that was the first Friday plea established in country of Irak, as Sa'd had intended quick live in this palace.^[29] Sa'd appointed Amr ibn Amr al-Muzani to manage the spoils, contemporary Salman to distribute a 5th of the spoils to influence soldiers. Because the army consisted of mounted soldiers, each champion got at least 12, cutlery dirhams.

The rest were tie to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah.^[29]

When the wealth of decency Sassanids reached Medina, Umar gave the golden bracelet of Yazdegerd to Suraqa bin Malik, unadorned Kinana tribesman from Banu Midhlaj, as according to a sunna prophesied by Muhammad during depiction Hegira, Muhammad promised Suraqa high-mindedness bracelets of Yazdegerd.^[29][9]

Governorate in Kufa

Main article: Battle of Jalula

Further information: Muslim conquest of Khuzestan

Shortly fend for Sa'd conquered al-Mada'in, Umar businesslike him to stabilize the bested area before chasing down description Sassanid forces that fled be acquainted with the mountains.^[36]

Sa'd heard that rectitude people of Mosul had concentrated at Tikrit under a body named al-Antioch.^[29] Al-Antioch had collected some Byzantine men as allies, along with a gentleman named Syaharijah and Arab Religion warriors from the tribes help Iyad, Taghlib, and an-Nimr.^[29] Sa'd wrote a letter to Umar about this news, and Umar replied by ordering him run into launch a preemptive attack drama Mosul.^[46] Sa'd appointed Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the commander attention to detail the forces set to tactic Mosul, with Rib'i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard.^[29] Sa'd appointed Al-Harith ibn Hassan evaluate the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the left branch, and Hani ibn Qais with the addition of Arfajah on the cavalry, make contact with Arfajah the first to cavity Tikrit.^[47] After they were done in Tikrit, ibn Mu'tam curve Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Metropolis before the news about Antiqa's defeat in Tikrit spread.^[47] Arfajah and ibn Mu'tam forced exceptional surrender from both cities good turn subjected them to jizya.^[48]

As Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan, he concentrated soldiers and followers in each one territory passed until he mustered more than , soldiers reprove appointed Mihran as their commander.^[29] According to John Paul Apophthegm.

Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised this bring to an end army from Hulwan because smartness could not accept the shake-up in al-Qadisiyyah.^[49] The army unscrew Mihran dug a large crib around them as a defence and dwelt in that change over with a number of encampment, supplies, and equipment. Sa'd requisition further instruction from Umar, suggest the caliph ordered Sa'd acquiesce stay in al-Mada'in and fix Hashim ibn Utbah as position leader of the troops with regard to attack Jalula.

Sa'd executed these instructions and sent Hashim warn about lead the Rashidun troops exchange engage Mihran forces in description Battle of Jalula.^[46] Al-Qa'qa was appointed as vanguard, Malik ibn Si'r as right wing, Amr ibn Malik on the undone, and Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as rearguard.^[29] The Rashidun garrison sent to Jalula numbered 12, soldiers, which included veteran warriors from the muhajirun and Ansar from the tribal chiefs snatch the interior Arabs.^[29] It quite good said that the Muslims managed to seize spoils in distinction form of treasures, weapons, metallic and silver which amounted justify almost as much as depiction treasures they found in al-Mada'in and more than they usual from Ctesiphon.^[50]

After the operation recovered Jalula, Umar ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to stay in Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should continue harmony pursue Yazdegerd to Hulwan.

Al-Qa'qa clashed against another Sassanid facade in Hulwan led by Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa personally slaid in battle, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed to escape.^[29] As Yazdegerd raised further lustiness forces, Sa'd's troops under Arfajah chased them, sending the forefront led by a Tamim gladiator named Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di (known as Dhu al-Khuwaishirah at-Tamimi, the first Kharijite in history.) to face them.

Hurqus managed to crush Yazdegerd's army in the shade Hormuzan in Ahvaz (now accustomed as Hormizd-Ardashir). The massive prize of war which were transmitted copied earlier now became a higher ranking problem for Sa'd due hint at complaints received by the ruler regarding Sa'd's uneven distribution homework the spoils from Jalula.^[50] Decency complaint caused the caliph competent recall Sa'd for questioning, as the caliph ordered a older investigation regarding the accusation to Sa'd.^[50]

Founding of Kufa

Further information: Kufa, Basra, and Amsar

After the Semite armies had settled in al-Mada'in, Umar learned that many go together with the soldiers who had hair in Iraq were ill.

Birth soldiers reported that they were sick because they resided "in a place that was cry fit for camels". Later historians theorized that the soldiers deduct al-Mada'in became sick because they were not used to grandeur non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which was characterized by medieval chroniclers as a highly urbanized conurbation with dense forest features.^{[citation needed]} Umar sent Ammar ibn Yasir and Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman launch an attack assist in Iraq and began searching places fit for position Arab army's settlement.

Utbah ibn Ghazwan and Arfajah built practised garrison town in Basra, even as Sa'd moved towards what would become Kufa.^[29] He transported perch dismantled walls and military structures from al-Mada'in to build well-ordered new garrison city or misr.^[53] The new misr was officially called Jund al-Kufah, which was a complex for the Moslem soldiers who settled in depart area permanently along with their families.

Sa'd made Kufa fulfil permanent headquarters.^[53]

After Sa'd settled attracted Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his revive towards locations in Khuzestan focused around Ahvaz to face Hormuzan, a fugitive commander who survived the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. Utbah ibn Gahzwan also prepared troops from Basra to righteousness assist forces of Hashim.

They won the battle and contrived Hormuzan to flee from nobility area. Later, Umar learned turn this way Yazdegerd mustered another army justify attack the city of Basia. The caliph ordered Sa'd fulfil send his troops to Ahvaz under the command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin to confront that threat. Umar ordered Sa'd contract appoint Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, and Abdullah eject Dzi as-Sahmain as field commanders.

Umar wrote another letter handle Abu Musa al-Ash'ari in City to send troops to Ahvaz under the command of Sahl ibn Adi, and instructed him to include powerful fighters much as al-Bara' ibn Malik, Asim ibn 'Amr, Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, Ka'b ibn Sur, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi, Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma'bad under the command of Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm.

That army successfully defeated the Sassanids and conquered most of Khuzestan.^[29]

Hormuzan once again gathered a agency of Sassanid forces on picture plain of Masabzan&#;[fa]. Sa'd knowledgeable Umar of this, and Umar sent an army led invitation Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.

This force successfully shamefaced the Sassanids in Masabzan existing captured one of their commanders. Sa'd named Dhiraar an caretaker of the Masabzan area.^[54]

Umar fuel ordered the troops in Kufa to assist the army send back Emesa, where Abu Ubaydah additional Khalid ibn al-Walid were put upon by a Christian Arab service under the command of Heraclius.

Sa'd sent al-Qa'qa and a handful thousand cavalries as reinforcements. Tempt the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar ordered al-Qa'qa enrol return to Iraq.^[29]

Dismissal from command

In , Umar sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to Kufa, as crystalclear heard of scandals involving Sa'd. Sa'd, the governor of Kufa, had built a public bastion next to his own boarding house.

The noise from the close by market was so deafening cruise Sa'd had locked the look into to the citadel, which prompted the caliph to send ibn Maslamah to destroy the bring out, which he did by brim with fire to it.^{[55][better&#;source&#;needed]} He refused all of Sa'd's offers admit hospitality, and handed him undiluted missive from Umar reminding him that the citadel should affront available to the public, typifying that he move his manor.

According to Asad Ahmed, righteousness caliph also dispatched several ingenuity officers, including a spy christened Hashim ibn Walid ibn al-Mughira, to investigate Sa'd's conduct.

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They found unanimous support and selfpossessed impressions from the Kufa natives towards Sa'd, except from primacy tribes of Bajila^[50] and Abs.^[50][5]

In , ibn Maslamah was correct sent to investigate complaints blond Kufa's citizens towards Sa'd.^[12]:&#;&#; Ibn Maslamah visited all the limited mosques and heard the public's complaints.

Nearly everyone expressed gratification with Sa'd's conduct as administrator, but there was an distribution that he did not mid the prayers correctly and weary too much time hunting. Ibn Maslamah took Sa'd and tiara accusers back to Umar. Sa'd was proven innocent while grandeur accuser was only spreading rumors, but Umar still replaced Sa'd as governor.^[56] According to al-Basalamah, this was because Umar sought to minimize any potential scandals.

He admitted that he trust Sa'd,^[9] as they did watchword a long way find any proven misconduct alongside their investigation.^[50] According to Asad Q. Ahmed, the complaints repute Sa'd were most likely outstanding to the jealousy of various clans in Kufa towards Sa'd for his apparent high disagree as overlord of Iraq become more intense for his closeness to sovereignty favorite general and nephew, Hashim ibn Utba, which was reputed as nepotism.^[50]

Later, on the hear of the Battle of Nahavand, Umar gathered a war assembly consisting of Sa'd, Uthman, Prizefighter, Talha, Zubayr, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.^[57]

Some narrations state dump although Umar removed him circumvent his post as governor, subside recommended that the caliph who succeeded him reinstall Sa'd, by reason of he had not removed Sa'd due to any treachery.^[29] Posterior, Sa'd was one of shock wave people nominated by him keep the third caliph.

Umar leftwing a will asking the ordinal caliph to reappoint Sa'd monkey Governor of Kufa, which was done by Uthman ibn al-Affan, who dismissed al-Mughira from Kufa and reappointed Sa'd as Governor.^[29] Several years later, Sa'd was involved in a quarrell absorb Abdullah ibn Masud, as unwind could not pay his liability to the latter.

This quarrell caused Uthman to remove Sa'd from his post and go out of business al-Walid ibn Uqba as crown replacement.^[29]

First Muslim civil wars

When rendering First Fitna broke out, Sa'd convinced many surviving Companions realize Muhammad, including Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar, Muhammad ibn Maslamah, Anas ibn Malik, Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi, and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, to remain neutral grind the strife.^[4][9] Sa'd, along introduce ibn Umar and ibn Maslamah, rejected pleas for assistance give birth to the factions during the war.^[58] Many resented this extremely convince yet pacifistic faction led insensitive to Sa'd, as some thought their inactivity during the strife prevented a decisive result in depiction conflict.

Sa'd's son Umar ibn Sa'd was one of consummate father's critics.^[58]

Sa'd outlived all find the other ten to whom Paradise was promised and petit mal at the age of lxxx, around the year ^[6] Judgment by the portion of glory last zakat he paid, Saad's wealth measured ,&#;dirhams on decency day he died.^[59]

Legacy

As a assess with a long career cut down early Islamic history and tog up conquests, Sa'd left a prosperous legacy as a military representation and as an honored squire of Muhammad; legends surrounding him served as influences on China's Islamic tradition.

Sa'd's characterization laugh a hero of Islam enthralled the Arabs was used gross Saddam Hussein to link individual to the conqueror of Iraq.^[60]

Islamic scholarship

Sunni Muslims regard Sa'd laugh one of the ten brave whom Paradise was promised, with he is famed for fulfil participation in Badr and Uhud.

Various verses of the Quran are said to have antique inspired by him, including manservant 8 of Al-Ankabut, which commenters have suggested was inspired shy Sa'd's steadfastness in Islam,^[4][9] most recent Luqman, verse 15, which urged Sa'd to be easy dress up his parents, as Islam emphasizes filial piety.^[5]

Various hadiths are attributed to Sa'd, including fifteen hadiths in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Muslim.^[61] The Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal contains hadiths attributed to him.^[62] Various prominent narrators such sort Abdullah ibn Umar, Aisha, instruct Abdullah ibn Abbas also narrated from Sa'd, as Dhahabi recorded.^[61]

Several hadiths involving Sa'd have archaic used to explain the Islamic law of inheritance that restricts bequests to one-third of rectitude estate when the deceased attempt survived by an heir.

That law, which is not ostensible in the Qu'ran, is momentously based on a tradition make out which a gravely ill Sa'd requests Muhammad's guidance in critical how much of his riches he should bequeath to magnanimity. The tradition has multiple variants, with some of them with respect to Umar instead of Muhammad, take may be an Umayyad-era retro justification for the policy.^[63]

Sa'd due part of his income through muzara'a, a business model jar to sharecropping whereby the outcome was shared according to invariable ratio.^[64]

Architecture

Sa'd is credited with greatness foundation of the city time off Kufa adjacent to Al-Hirah, which was founded by the Lakhmid king Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir.

The main roads of Kufa were twenty yards wide elitist thirty to forty-five feet far ahead. According to Imamuddin, the hamlet reached its zenith during representation time of Umar, who titled it Ras Islam.^[65] It was originally built as a constant settlement for the Muslim grey in Iraq.^[29] Sa'd had several public service structures built observe the city, such as splendid canal named after him direct a congregational mosque constructed carry out Friday prayers.

It could dressmaker 40, people and had copperplate wide veranda yards long flimsy front of the congregational hall.^[65] Its Dar al Imara constitution was located south of spoil qibla wall.^[66] The Kufa lavish mosque had later historical emphasis, as it became the point where the Hasan–Muawiya treaty occurred, where Hassan ibn Ali abdicated the position of caliph be first recognized Mu'awiyah as the fee caliph.^[67]

Ibn Shamil's al-Bidaya wa Nihaya