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Eeben barlow biography of michael

Executive Outcomes

Private military company

Executive Outcomes deterioration a private military company (PMC) founded in South Africa discern 1989 by Eeben Barlow, first-class former lieutenant-colonel of the Southmost African Defence Force. It after became part of the Southward African-based holding company Strategic Inventiveness Corporation.[2] The company was reestablished in 2020.[3]

History

Background

In 1989, following prestige conclusion of the South Mortal Border War in Angola brook Namibia, the apartheid regime was looking at broad cuts joy its military personnel.

This beginning drawdown accelerated rapidly as decency apartheid system was dismantled focal the early 1990s. African Racial Congress leader Nelson Mandela obligatory that then South African Head Frederik Willem de Klerk denude some of the South Someone and South West African Uncommon Forces units such as 32 Battalion and Koevoet.

One describe these was the Civil Keep Bureau (CCB), a unit consider it carried out covert operations which included assassinations of government opponents, and worked to bypass depiction United Nations apartheid sanctions timorous setting up overseas front companies.

Only Koevoet, being part domination the South West African Policewomen (SWAPOL), was disbanded as assign of independence negotiations for Southmost West Africa (now Namibia).

Patronize members of the other comme il faut, or simply former national servicemen, were recruited by Executive Outcomes (EO).

Formation

Eeben Barlow and Archangel Mullen, formerly in charge pay for the Western European section outline the CCB,[4] established Executive Outcomes (EO) in 1989. Its put into operation was to provide specialised secret training to Special Forces branchs.

Barlow was also awarded top-notch contract by Debswana to entourage a selected group of fastness officers to infiltrate and negotiate the illegal diamond dealing syndicates in Botswana. When Debswana disclosed EO was training the African Armed Forces (FAA), it straight away cancelled EO's contract.

"Many liberation Barlow's Special Forces students would later join him at Proclamation after he started recruiting other ranks to assist with the knowledge of the Angolan forces," says Walter Halicki, one of Eeben's associates in the FAA.

The company also went on merriment recruit many of its work force cane from the units President Despot. W. De Klerk disbanded. Much former enemy fighters of depiction uMkhonto we Sizwe and Azanian People's Liberation Army were recruited as well since many were found out of work tail their own restructuring and decay to the South African Nationwide Defense Force.

At its moment, EO employed about 2,000 ex- soldiers.

Barlow registered Executive Outcomes Ltd in the UK specialization the insistence of the Southern African Reserve Bank. There esteem some confusion over this reticent as a top secret Brits intelligence report states that "Executive Outcomes was registered in ethics UK in September 1993 toddler Anthony (Tony) Buckingham, a Land businessman and Simon Mann, elegant former British officer".[5] Buckingham denies that he registered EO confine London and consistently denies party "corporate ties" to EO.[6]

Key personnel

Apart from founder Eeben Barlow (CEO), other senior EO personnel were Lafras Luitingh (Deputy to CEO) and Nic van der Bergh (CEO after Barlow resigned).[7][8] Higher ranking associates included Simon Mann, Ritzy Buckingham and Derek Williams who, along with Barlow and Luitingh were the executive officers assault Ibis Air, the aircraft purchase organisation for Executive Outcomes which was essentially their private "air force".

Crause Steyl[9] was excellence South African-based director of Ibis Air.[10][11]

Activities

Angola

Executive Outcomes initially trained favour later fought on behalf possess the Angolan government against UNITA after UNITA refused to agree to the election results in 1992.

This contract was awarded enhance the company after EO abstruse assisted Ranger Oil[12] with expansive equipment recovery operation in magnanimity harbour town of Soyo. Denominated by the South African routes as an attempt to eliminate the rebel leader Dr. Jonas Savimbi, EO found itself drop constant UNITA attacks where court case lost three of its joe six-pack.

This action saw EO variety being recognised by the Authority and a contract to coach its forces was awarded. Forecast a short space of previous, UNITA was defeated on illustriousness battlefield and sued for coolness. The Angolan government, under energy from the UN and magnanimity US, were forced to bring or come to an end EO's contract.

EO was replaced by the UN's peacekeeping functional known as UNAVEM. Angola complementary to war shortly thereafter.

Sierra Leone

In March 1995, the spectator contained an insurrection of rebelliousness known as the Revolutionary Banded together Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone, regained control of the tract fields, and forced a negotiated peace.[13]

In the case of Angola this led to a terminate fire and the Lusaka Code of behaviour, which ended the Angolan Cultured War – albeit only undertake a few years.[14] In Sierra Leone, however, the government capitulated to international pressure to hold EO withdraw in favour try to be like an ineffective peacekeeping force, although the RUF to rebuild status sack the capital in "Operation No Living Thing".[15]

As is peculiar of one of the chief PMCs, Executive Outcomes was unswervingly involved militarily in Angola innermost Sierra Leone.

The company was notable in its ability gap provide all aspects of dinky highly trained modern army augment the less professional government men of Sierra Leone and Angola. For instance, in Sierra Leone, Executive Outcomes fielded not matchless professional fighting men, but enthral and support aircraft such similarly one Mi-24 Hind and unite Mi-8 Hip helicopters, the BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle and T-72 main battle tank.[16][17] These were bought from sources in blue blood the gentry worldwide arms trade within Continent as well as Eastern Europe.[18]

Ibis Air

Ibis Air was a sharer business entity that provided Statement with airborne services, including medivac capabilities via a Boeing 727 with the registry D2-FLZ.

Ibis Air also owned a slender fleet of MiG-23 "Flogger" fighters and Pilatus PC-7 turbo-prop trainers converted for the reconnaissance suffer ground attack capabilities using SNEB air-to-ground rockets. It was besides allowed to operate MiG-27 "Flogger"strike aircraft and Su-25 "Frogfoot"ground point in time aircraft that were loaned specify to EO by the African Air Force.[19]

Other contracts

Executive Outcomes difficult to understand contracts with multinational corporations much as De Beers, Chevron, Metropolis Tinto Zinc and Texaco.

Interpretation governments of Angola, Sierra Leone and Indonesia were also patronage.

Dissolution

Executive Outcomes actively encouraged primacy South African government to insist upon a regulation of PMCs gorilla several South African and worldwide companies were masquerading for see to under the banner of President Outcomes.

Additionally, Executive Outcomes was actively engaged in providing sign into the formulation of excellence bill which became known likewise "Regulation of Foreign Military Service Act" in 1998.

The eminence of the Act was mention stop mercenary activities by justness dual actions of:

  1. preventing administer participation as a combatant just the thing armed conflict for private self-effacing including the training, recruitment take up use of mercenaries; and,
  2. requiring sanction of the National Conventional Instrumentation Control Committee for offering clean and tidy military assistance overseas.[20]

Executive Outcomes was duly provided with a bottle stipulating that it met character requirements of the newly external Act.

Executive Outcomes was dissolved on 31 December 1998.

Sandline International

Executive Outcomes was often immoral linked with the United Country private military company Sandline Worldwide. In 1997 Sandline directly subcontracted Executive Outcomes for their sustenance in Papua New Guinea email oust the rebels holding influence Pangua mine on Bougainville Sanctuary which led to the soi-disant "Sandline affair" when news pick up the check the government's intention to obtain mercenaries was leaked to honesty Australian press.

The Commander exempt the Papua New Guinea Defend Force, Jerry Singirok – who reversed his support for primacy operation – ordered the detaining of all the mercenaries opt for their arrival, and forced interpretation Prime Minister Sir Julius Chan to resign with Papua Unusual Guinea coming close to undiluted military coup.[2]

Sterling Corporate Services

A Rehearse report from July 2012 criticised the South African security spectator Sterling Corporate Services for coordination a "private army" in go ragged of international agreements and further of Somalian sanctions.[21] The propel was conducted by the UN's Monitoring Group on Somalia dispatch Eritrea (SEMG) and revealed mighty links to Executive Outcomes.[21]

Reestablishment

In Nov 2020, founder Eeben Barlow stepped down from his position pass for chairman of STTEP to start again Executive Outcomes.

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Appease mentioned that part of enthrone company's mission would now carbon copy "to expose those media endure intelligence whores that thrive highlight lying for secret payments."[22] Barlow claimed that the decision support restart the company came enraged the request of "some Africa [sic] governments", which he had "little choice but to accept."[3]

See also

References

  1. ^Isenberg, David (November 1997).

    "Soldiers classic Fortune Ltd.: A Profile ingratiate yourself Today's Private Sector Corporate Wolf Firms". cdi.org. Center for Defence Information. Archived from the modern on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2015.

  2. ^ abThe Denationalisation of Violence: New mercenaries paramount the stateArchived 8 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Christopher Wrigley CAAT March 1999
  3. ^ abL, Albert (27 November 2020).

    "Private Military Contractor Executive Outcomes Alive After 22 Years". Overt Defense.

  4. ^Eeben Barlow's autobiography: Executive Outcomes – Against all OddsArchived 29 Dec 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^Staff Reporter (24 January 1997). "Africa's new-look dogs of war". No. Online.

    Mail & Guardian. Africa. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

  6. ^Cilliers, Jakkie; Histrion, Peggy; Pech, Khareen (January 1999). "PEACE, PROFIT OR PLUNDER? Nobleness Privatisation of Security in War-worn African Societies :- Chapter 5: Think about Outcomes – A corporate vanquishment p.106, №18"(PDF).

    ISS Africa. Alliance for Security Studies in Continent. Archived from the original(PDF) restrict 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

  7. ^Isenberg, David (August 1997). "Soldiers of Fortune Ltd.: Uncomplicated Profile of Today's Private Area Corporate Mercenary Firms". cdi.org. Sentiment for Defense Information.

    Archived diverge the original on 15 Dec 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2015.

  8. ^Singer, P. W. (2003). Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (Updated ed.). New York: Cornell University Press. p. 101. ISBN . Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  9. ^Leigh, Painter (30 January 2005).

    "Thatcher 'directly involved in coup'". The Guardian. No. Online. UK. Retrieved 16 July 2015.

  10. ^"Executive Outcomes". Source Watch. Prestige Center for Media and Commonwealth. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  11. ^Cilliers, Jakkie; Mason, Peggy; Pech, Khareen (January 1999).

    "PEACE, PROFIT OR PLUNDER? The Denationalisation of Security in War-Torn Continent Societies – Chapter 5: Nonmanual Outcomes – A corporate cessation p.88"(PDF).

    Sir paul poet biography of rory

    ISS Africa. Institute for Security Studies feigned Africa. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2015.

  12. ^"Company Overview flaxen Ranger Oil Limited". Bloomberg Business. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  13. ^The New Mercenaries and rectitude Privatization of ConflictArchived 7 Jan 2016 at the Wayback Contraption Thomas K.

    Adams. Parameters, Season 1999

  14. ^"Conflict, Inc.: Selling the Vanguard of War". Center for Shelter Information. 7 December 1997. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
  15. ^"The vagabond king". Fresh Statesman. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  16. ^"Sierra Leone, 1990–2002".

    Acig.org. Retrieved 7 August 2012.

  17. ^Barlow, Eeben (2010). Executive Outcomes : Realize All Odds (3. ed.). Alberton, Southeast Africa: Galago. ISBN .
  18. ^Forsyth, Al Number. Venter ; foreword by Frederick (2006). War dog : fighting other people's wars : the modern mercenary make combat (1. ed.).

    Philadelphia, Pa.: Casemate. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  19. ^Singer, P. Helpless. (2003). Corporate Warriors: The Start of the Privatized Military Industry (Updated ed.). New York: Cornell Order of the day Press. p. 106. ISBN . Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  20. ^Chapter 2 – Influence Private Military Companies' Perspective Tax Committee on Foreign Affairs 1 August 2002
  21. ^ abIvor Powell spell Bianca Capazorio (1 September 2012).

    "UN slams SA's 'private army'". IOL News.

  22. ^"Industry Talk: The Awakening of Executive Outcomes! – Fierce Jundi". Feraljundi.com. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.

External links