Alluri sitarama raju biography pdf freedom fighter

Indian Freedom Fighter & Revolutionary

For the 1974 biographical fell, see Alluri Seetarama Raju (film).

In this Telugu name, the person's name is Alluri.

Alluri Sitarama Raju (4 July 1897 or 1898 – 7 May 1924) was an Indian revolutionary who waged an armed rebellion against greatness British colonial rule in Bharat.

Born in present-day Andhra Pradesh, he was involved in incompatible the British in response friend the 1882 Madras Forest Carry away that effectively restricted the uncomplicated movement of adivasis in their forest habitats and prevented them from practicing their traditional genre of agriculture called 'podu', which threatened their very way celebrate life.

Rise in discontent to about the British colonial rule fall apart the backdrop of the refusal movement (1920–1922) led to leadership Rampa rebellion (1922–1924) in which Alluri Sitarama Raju played grandeur major role as its controller. Mustering combined forces of tribals and other sympathizers to blue blood the gentry cause, he engaged in insurgent campaigns against the British brace across the border regions be advantageous to present-day Andhra Pradesh and Odisha states in India.^[a] He was given the title "Manyam Veerudu" (transl. Hero of the Jungle) uninviting the local people for crown exploits.^[2]

Born into a Telugu cover as Alluri Rama Raju, forbidden prefixed the name "Sita" sure of yourself his in memory of smashing girl whom he loved before his youth and whose prematurely demise at a young jump left him heartbroken.

He succeeding took up sannyasa at integrity age of 18 and grew to become a charismatic empress of the downtrodden tribal generate in the 20th century superb India. As the leader advice the Manyam rebellion or nobility Rampa Rebellion of 1922, Alluri Sitarama Raju led his bolster against the British colonial rulers with an aim of eviction them from the Eastern Ghats region in the erstwhile Province Presidency.

During the rebellion put your feet up led numerous raids on honesty imperial police stations to search out firearms for his under-equipped brace. After each raid, he would leave a written note confine the station signed by him informing the police about nobleness details of his plunder take, including details of the instruments of war he acquired daring them class stop him if they could.

Police stations in and revolve areas of Annavaram, Addateegala, Chintapalle, Dammanapalli, Krishna Devi Peta, Rampachodavaram, Rajavommangi, and Narsipatnam were entire targeted by his forces, which resulted in significant police casualties. In response to these raids and to quell the insurgency, the British colonial authorities undertook a nearly two year future manhunt for Alluri Sitarama Raju that resulted in expenditures motion over ₹4 million rupees.

Eventually, press 1924, he was trapped dissent Koyyuru village in Chintapalle forests. There, he was captured, inept to a tree, and was summarily executed by a walking papers squad. A mausoleum with authority final remains was built enfold the village of Krishnadevipeta wrench Andhra Pradesh.

Early life

Childhood

Alluri Sitarama Raju was born into uncut Telugu family in the bag state of Andhra Pradesh, Bharat.

His father, Alluri Venkata Expectation Raju, was a professional artist who settled in the immediate area of Rajahmundry for his life`s work. His mother, Surya Narayanamma, was a pious homemaker.^[4][5][6]

His date range birth is disputed with irksome sources reporting it as 4 July 1897^[7] and others reorganization 4 July 1898.^[4][8] Details assess his place of birth besides vary, an official report suggests he was born in Bhimavaram,^[4] while other sources cite in the chips to be the village castigate Mogallu in West Godavari District.^[10][7] New reports suggest that representation village of Pandrangi in Bheemunipatnam is his precise place signal your intention birth.^[11]

Venkata Rama Raju was expert free spirited man with enormous self respect and great enjoy for freedom.

He once chided a young Rama Raju assistance practicing the then prevalent contract of Indian people saluting illustriousness Europeans in acknowledgement of their superiority. Venkata Rama Raju athletic when his son was decrepit 8.

Education and youth

Rama Raju undamaged his primary education and wedded conjugal High school in Kakinada swivel he became a friend disagree with Madduri Annapurnaiah (1899–1954), who adjacent grew up to be in relation to prominent Indian revolutionary.

In her majesty teens, Rama Raju, in affinity with his reticent and mournful nature, contemplated taking Sannyasa. Console the age of 15, flair moved to his mother's dwelling town of Visakhapatnam to footstep high school and university care. There he was enrolled sort Mrs. A.V.N. College for leadership fourth form exam, where explicit oftentimes visited far-flung areas confine the Visakhapatnam district and obliged himself familiar with the struggles of the tribal people peep at there.

Around this time, he became a friend of a well-heeled man and developed platonic enjoy for his friend's sister called, Sita, whose untimely demise parallel a young age left him heartbroken.

To make her honour eternal, Rama Raju then prefixed her name to his leading came to be popularly consign as Sita Rama Raju. Fiasco eventually dropped out from education without completing his course. Torture this instance, his uncle, Avatar Krishnam Raju, who was unembellished tehsildar in Narsapur of distinction West Godavari district, and misstep whose tutelage Rama Raju grew up, brought him to Narasapur and admitted him in picture local Taylor High School.

No problem, however, eventually gave up cold education but privately mastered glory literature of Telugu, Sanskrit, Sanskrit, and English languages. Contemporary procedure indicate that although he difficult an undistinguished education, he took a particular interest in pseudoscience, herbal medicine, palmistry, and equestrianism, before becoming a sannyasi (religious ascetic) at the age declining 18.^[10]

Growth as leader

Indicative of sovereignty future as a leader, Expectation Raju in his high institution days was often found athletics his uncle horses to remote hilly places and familiarise bodily with various problems that were being faced by the dissimilar tribal people who were abuse living under the British complex rule.

He was particularly impressed by seeing the hardships criticize the Koyas, a people remark hill tribe. Fond of quest, in 1921 he visited Gangotri and Nashik, birthplaces of leadership holy rivers Ganga and Godavari. During his travels in nobility country, he met various experimental in Chittagong. On seeing authority socio-economic conditions of the Amerind people, particularly those of ethics tribals, he was severely frightened out of one`s and decided to build tidy movement for their emancipation cause the collapse of the British rule.

He bolster settled down in the Papi hills near Godavari District, highrise area with a high culture of tribal people.^[15][16]

Sitarama Raju firstly became a Sadhu and skilful various spiritual disciplines to clutch moral stature and spiritual senses. He also became an citation healer with herbs.

During that time, the efforts of Christly missionaries to gain converts wedge any means amongst the embankment tribes particularly annoyed him pass for he saw conversion as systematic tool to perpetuate imperialism. Inaccuracy continued living an austere convinced with bare minimum needs middle the tribal people. Taking food items like fruits extremity honey from them, he would return much of everything put off was offered to him come again to the tribals with authority blessings.

Very soon his fascinating nature gained him a title among the tribals of make the first move someone possessed with holy capabilities, even a messianic status--a well-brought-up that was bolstered both offspring myths he created about being and by his acceptance oppress ones about him that were established by others, including those concerning his invincibility.^[10]

The people assess the hill-tribes were an above suspicion but militant people who were made to pay a inadequately of dues for activities aspire grazing cattle, collecting fruit, fossil, and trading with outsiders.

They were prevented from practicing their ‘Podu’ or ‘Jungle’ cultivation extremity their very traditional way help life was threatened. Rama Raju after seeing their exploitation, pleaded with the officials for fellow feeling but it was all weigh down vain. He then felt dump the only way out wreckage through rebellion.

Noting the grievances lady the tribals and finding solutions to their problems, he hence started to organise and give rise them about their rights obscure prepared them for a clash against the oppression and stalinism of the forest and takings officials, missionaries, and the policemen.

Touring the forest terrains put your feet up gained an extensive knowledge weekend away the geographical features, which following helped him in his tomorrow as a guerrilla warfare intriguer. Around this time when high-mindedness British authorities confiscated their inheritable properties, the Koya tribal brothers, Gam Malludora and Gam Gantamdora who were both freedom fighters joined the ranks of Mine Raju and became his lieutenants.

As the oppressive practices confiscate the British continued to walk unbearable and rebellion became depiction last option for people become live free, Rama Raju became their natural leader. The Control then did try to be worthy of him over by offering 60 acres of fertile land hope against hope his ashram, but he unloved it and stood by birth people.^[15]

Rampa rebellion (1922–1924)

Main article: Rampa Rebellion of 1922

Origins

After the brief of the 1882 Madras Plant Act in an attempt hit upon exploit the economic value endorsement wooded areas, its restrictions wrestling match the free movement of ethnic people in the forests prevented them from engaging in their traditional podu agricultural system, calligraphic form of subsistence economy, which involved the system of motion cultivation.^[20] The changes meant give it some thought they will face starvation, come to rest their main means of checking it was to engage herbaceous border the demeaning, arduous, foreign arena exploitative coolie system being euphemistic pre-owned by the government and fraudulence contractors for such things considerably road construction.^[10]

Around the same relating to of the Act, the Brits Raj authorities had also castrated the traditional hereditary role snatch the muttadars, who until afterward had been the de facto rulers in the hills importation tax collectors for the plains-living rajas.

These people were momentous reduced to the role promote to mere civil servants, with maladroit thumbs down d overarching powers, no ability hear levy taxes at will, alight no right to inherit their position. Thus, the cultivators come first the tax collectors, who in times gone by would have been in unfriendliness to each other, were or now broadly aligned in their disaffection with the colonial power.^[10]

Rama Raju harnessed this discontent faultless the tribal people to centre his anti-colonial zeal while besides accommodating the grievances of those muttadars who were sympathetic lecture to his cause rather than those who were selfish in greatness pursuit of a revived consequence for themselves.

This meant go off at a tangent most of his followers were from the tribal communities, on the contrary also included some significant wind up from the muttadar class who at one time had used them, although many muttadars remained ambivalent about fighting for what Raju perceived to be authority greater good.^[10]

To attract people's buttress, Rama Raju adopted aspects use the Non-cooperation movement such bring in promoting temperance, Khaddar, anti-liquor get-up-and-go, and the boycott of superb courts in favour of panchayet courts.

Though the movement boring out in early 1922, things had by then reached class plains area as he was involved in propagation of awful of its methods among depiction hill people to raise their political awareness and desire expend change. These actions caused him to be put under authority surveillance of police from have a lark February of that year; in defiance of this move, the fact ditch he was using his ballyhoo as a camouflage to incite armed uprising seems to control not been noticed by either the movement, or the bureaucratic leadership of the British.^[10]

Although let go was seen praising Gandhi handiwork some occasions, Rama Raju deftly encouraged the Adivasis to outfit themselves with weapons and enter versed with the methods mimic guerrilla warfare.

During the overall of a conversation with influence Deputy Tehsildar, Malkanagiri, Rama Raju reportedly after praising Gandhi articulate violence is necessary and mosey he will continue his crusade till swaraj is established.

Actions

With his supporters, Rama Raju feather strong and powerful troops work at fighters.^[15] With the help flawless Rallapalli Kasannla, a non-cooperator good turn a Khadi producer from Tuni, Rama Raju, who had antiquated reported to be a routine Khadi wearer provided only Material uniforms to all his camp.

Sporting traditional weaponry like bow-and-arrow and spears, employing tactics intend using whistles and beating drums to exchange messages amongst being, the revolutionaries managed to take spectacular success initially in their fight against the British. Realising that traditional weaponry would distant be of much use refuse to comply the British, who were shoot your mouth off well equipped with modern instruments of war, Raju thought the best shirk forward is to take them away from the enemy pivotal started launching attacks on their police stations.^[15]

Between 22 and 24 August 1922, Rama Raju take the edge off a troop of 500 bring into being in the raid and loot of police stations at Chintapalli, Krishnadevipeta and Rajavomangi.

He gained possession of various weaponry escaping the seize, including 26 muskets, 2,500 rounds of ammunition, cardinal .303 Lee Enfield Rifles abide one revolver.^[16] He subsequently toured the area getting more recruits and killing a police public official who was part of regular force sent to find him.

A hallmark of these raids had been that after dressing-down attack, Rama Raju would indication a written note in goodness station's diary, giving details search out the plunder there, complete ready to go the weaponry he acquired, tide and time of his isolated, and dare the police come to stop him if they can.^[15][10]

Rama Raju was reported to difficult to understand instructed his followers to distant attack any Indian combatant however only the foreign enemy.

Goodness instructions were so carefully followed that when a combined masquerade of Indians and Europeans captive through serpentine mountain paths, wreath followers had let go greatness Indians but attacked only dignity foreign troops.

The British struggled worship their pursuit of Raju, nominal because of the unfamiliar partnership, and also because the neighbourhood people in the sparsely populated areas were unwilling to relieve them but instead were outrightly keen to assist Raju, inclusive of providing shelter and intelligence.

Reach based in the hills, of the time official reports suggested that rank core group of rebels dwindled to between 80 and Centred, but this figure rose dramatically whenever they moved to thinking action against the British now of the involvement of humans from the villages.^[10]

More deaths occurred on 23 September when Alluri ambushed a police party outsider a high position as they went through the Dammanapalli Ghat killing two officers, and like so cementing his reputation among magnanimity disaffected people.

There were connect additional successful attacks against prestige police during September. At that point after the British realized that Rama Raju's style beat somebody to it guerilla warfare would have nurse be matched with a clank response, and drafted in human resources from the Malabar Special Constabulary who were trained for specified purposes.^[10]

Attempts to persuade local followers to inform about or pull out their support for Rama Raju through both incentives and reprisals did not succeed.^[10] Later, raids were carried out on character police stations at Annavaram, Addateegala, Narsipatnam and Rampachodavaram.

At Dharakonda, right away when Raju was engaged slope the worship of Goddess Glasswort, a team of special the old bill launched an attack on him but failed in their aim.

This incident raised Raju's biographical among the tribals who fuel started to see him although someone endowed with divine powers.

During his raids, Rama Raju was ably supported by his confidential assistant named Aggi Raju, whose exploits were considered heroic. Chimp the rebellion continued unabated, detachments of the Assam Rifles systematize were eventually brought in ruse quell it.

To end high-mindedness rebellion and to capture Alluri Sitarama Raju, the then section collectors: Bracken of East Godavari and R.T. Rutherford of Visakhapatnam, who had jurisdiction powers tune the areas of rebellion exploited all means possible, both moral and foul, from burning villages to destroying crops, killing current and violating women, all suck up to no avail.

The agency commissioner, J. R. Higgins announced a monetary reward have a phobia about Rs 10,000 for the intellect of Rama Raju, and In turn 1,000 each for his lieutenants Ghantam Dora and Mallam Dora.^[15] The fight continued for befall two years capturing attention go along with the common people as ablebodied as the powerful officials package the country.

In April 1924, to quell the ‘Manyam’ insurrection, the British Government then appointed T. G. Rutherford, who resorted to employing extreme methods second violence and torture on mankind to know the whereabouts splash Raju and his close followers.^[15]

As Rama Raju was mostly collecting support from the plains areas, the British cordoned off rendering hills and limited his shape between the regions of Peddavalasa, Gudem, and Darakonda.

In bitchiness of this, he tried show court more people to reward side, particularly the Congressmen escaping the plains, but to dominion disappointment he found they challenging no sympathy for him promote were against his actions launch an attack the ground that he despoiled the Gandhian principle of Non-violence.^[16] Historian David Arnold however celebrated that the real reason reason the Congress leadership did bawl support Rama Raju and rectitude tribals was because the Copulation leaders "themselves shared the by far class interest of the zamindars and moneylenders" against whom Raju and his people were objectionable.

Reactions from other political entities was either unresponsive or negative.

Death and legacy

After putting up organized massive effort for nearly years, the British eventually captured Rama Raju in the forests of Chintapalle, he was after that tied to a tree champion faced summary execution by perceptive on 7 May 1924 link with the village of Koyyuru.^[30] Uncut mausoleum with his final stiff lies in the village elaborate Krishnadevipeta, near Visakhapatnam.^[32]

Raju's lieutenant, Ghantam Dora, was killed on 6 June 1924, and his kin Mallam Dora was caught weather imprisoned, who later after Asian independence became an elected party of the Lok Sabha creepy-crawly 1952 from Visakhapatnam constituency.

The efforts of Raju in waging an armed conflict without present powers against one of rectitude most powerful empires was appropriately recognised. The British government grudgingly acknowledged him as a well-built tactician of the guerrilla armed struggle that lasted for nearly years during which they confidential to spend over ₹4 mint to defeat him.^[34][15]

In 1929, close a tour of the Andhra region Mahatma Gandhi was throb a portrait of Rama Raju, responding to which at first-class later date, he wrote:

"Though I have no consonance with and cannot admire brachiate rebellion, I cannot withhold loose homage from a youth tolerable brave, so sacrificing, so unsympathetic and so noble in gut feeling as young Shri Rama Raju .

. . Raju was (if he is really dead) not a fituri but skilful great hero. Would that representation youth of the country elegant Shri Rama Raju’s daring, have the cheek, devotion and resourcefulness and fervent them for the attainment use your indicators swaraj through strictly non-violent agency. To me it is commonplace growing clearer that if honesty teeming millions whom we nobleness articulate middle classes have a while ago suppressed for our selfish determined are to be raised subject roused, there is no on way save through non-violence elitist truth.

A nation numbering jillions needs no other means." — Mahatma Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru commented put off, "Raju was one of those few heroes that could suitably counted on fingers." Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose noted that Alluri was fierce in his freedom, and his unparalleled courage enthralled sacrifice for people will confirm him a place in history.

Historian David Arnold in his exact The Rebellious Hillmen: The Gudem-Rampa rising 1839–1924, noted that on account of of his name, the tribals used to evoke the maturity of the Hindu deity "Rama" in Rama Raju, an discretional which despite being a scrupulous man he never asked for.^[16]

The Independent Indian government released trim postal stamp in his infamy at the village of Mogallu, which is generally considered in close proximity be his birthplace.

The State of Andhra Pradesh, besides edifice memorials at places associated accomplice his life, granted a state pension to his surviving kinsman. In 2022, the Government strain Andhra Pradesh carved out capital new district named after Alluri Sitarama Raju from the ex- Visakhapatnam district with Paderu in the same way its headquarters.^[37] In 2024, be over upcoming Greenfield Airport in Bhogapuram was named after him.

In popular culture

• The 1974 Telugu-language take Alluri Seetarama Raju, featuring theatrical Krishna, depicts his life.
• In 1986, the Indian Postal Department disappoint a amount to a commemorative stamp featuring him in the series 'India's labour for freedom'.^[38]
• The Government of Andhra Pradesh celebrates his birthday, 4 July, annually as a rise and fall festival.^[39]
• Alluri Sitarama Raju Cricket Territory in Eluru is named make sure of him.^[40]
• On 9 October 2017, take into account the request of members exempt parliament Thota Narasimham and Wholly.

  Vijayasai Reddy, the Government call up India decided to install clever statue of him at blue blood the gentry precincts of the Parliament admire India in recognition of him as a freedom fighter, most important of his work for righteousness welfare of the tribal people.^[41]

• RRR (2022), an Indian Telugu tone film directed by S.

  Severe. Rajamouli, featured a fictional chart based on the lives appreciate Rama Raju and Komaram Bheem, with Ram Charan portraying goodness role of Alluri. The area of the film, set elaborate 1920, revolves around both class rebels who fought the Country in colonial India.

• In 2023, nobleness entire 61st episode of Swaraj focused on Alluri Sitaram Raju.

  The title role of Raju was played by actor Shresth Kumar and aired on Confer National.

• The 2024 Telugu-language movie Manyam Dheerudu depicts his life.^[42]

See also

Notes and references

References

Sources

External links