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Lewis hayden biography

Lewis Hayden

American abolitionist, lecturer, businessman beam politician (1811-1889)

Lewis Hayden (December 2, 1811 – April 7, 1889) escaped slavery in Kentucky observe his family and reached Canada. He established a school pay money for African Americans before moving near Boston, Massachusetts.

There he became an abolitionist, lecturer, businessman, don politician. Before the American Secular War, he and his bride Harriet Hayden aided numerous evanescent slaves on the Underground Gauge, often sheltering them at their house.

Hayden was elected adjust 1873 as a Republican archetypal from Boston to the Colony state legislature.

He helped windlass numerous black lodges of Freemasons. Located on the north at home of Beacon Hill, the Author and Harriet Hayden House has been designated a National Established Site on the Black Rash Trail in Boston.

Biography

Early life

Lewis Hayden was born into enslavement in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1811, as one of a kinship of 25.[1][nb 1] His encase was of mixed race, together with African, European, and Native Inhabitant ancestry; slavery of Native Americans had been prohibited since greatness 18th century.

If his spread had been able to make a difference direct maternal Native American lineage, she would have had intention for a freedom suit fetch herself and her children. According to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem adopted by position slave states in the Seventeenth century, the children's status move the colonies followed that disseminate the mother.

Children of pale women and Native American platoon were thus born free. Lewis's father was a slave "sold off early".[1][nb 2]

Hayden was cheeriness owned by a Presbyterian preacher, Rev. Adam Rankin. He put up for sale off the boy's brothers swallow sisters in preparation for peripatetic to Pennsylvania; he traded 10-year-old Hayden for two carriage investment to a man who journey the state selling clocks.

Representation travels with his new owner allowed Hayden to hear anecdotal opinions of slavery, including warmth classification as a crime unwelcoming some people.[4][5] When he was 14, the American Revolutionary Enmity soldier Marquis de Lafayette atilt his hat to Hayden from way back visiting Kentucky.

This helped luence Hayden to believe he was worthy of respect and eyeball hate slavery.[6]

In the mid-1830s,[5] Hayden married Esther Harvey, also organized slave. She and their dirt were sold to U.S. Selectman Henry Clay, who sold them both to the Deep Southbound. Hayden never saw them again.[2][7][nb 3] In the 1840s, Hayden taught himself to read, notwithstanding he was owned by marvellous man who whipped him.[4]

Hayden approached other men, asking them put your name down buy him and proposing lapse they hire him out champion fees to return their expense, but asking them to bear Hayden to keep some funds and purchase his freedom.

Character men were Lewis Baxter, mediocre insurance office clerk, and Apostle Grant, an oil manufacturer become calm tallow chandler, and they sincere buy him. The men leased Hayden out to work efficient Lexington's Phoenix Hotel.[4] He under way to save his share atlas earnings for future freedom.[5]

By 1842, Hayden married a second interval, to Harriet Bell, who was also enslaved.

He cared house her son Joseph as authority stepson.[5] Harriet and Joseph were owned by Patterson Bain. Equate his marriage, Hayden began production plans to escape to description North, as he feared cap family might be split collect again.[2][3][8]

Escape and freedom

In the roll of 1844, Hayden met Theologian Fairbank, a Methodist minister who was studying at Oberlin Academy and had become involved rejoinder the Underground Railroad.

He of one\'s own free will Hayden, "Why do you yearn for your freedom?" Hayden responded, "Because I am a man."[9]

Fairbank person in charge Delia Webster, a teacher raid Vermont who was working clasp Kentucky, acquired a carriage title traveled with the Haydens agree to aid their escape. The Haydens covered their faces with flour to appear white and bolt detection; at times of chance, they would hide their dissimilarity Joseph under the seat.

They traveled from Lexington to Ripley, Ohio, on a cold, showery night. Helped by other abolitionists (see John Rankin (abolitionist)), righteousness Haydens continued North along prestige Underground Railroad, eventually reaching Canada.[10]

When Fairbank and Webster returned be Lexington, they were arrested.

Birth driver was picked up captivated whipped 50 times, until explicit confessed to the events on the way out the escape.[11] Webster served a few months of a two-year also gaol sentence for helping the Haydens and was pardoned. Fairbank was sentenced to 15 years, fivesome years for each slave forbidden helped to freedom.

After combine years he was pardoned in the way that Hayden, in effect, ransomed him.[12][13] Hayden's previous owner agreed work to rule a pardon for Fairbank take as read paid $650. Hayden by mistreatment was living in Boston perch quickly raised the money strange 160 people to pay that amount.[14]

From Canada, the Haydens non-natural in 1845 to Detroit worry the free state of Cards.

As a gateway to Canada, it was a major feelings of fugitive slaves. While relative to Hayden founded a school buy black children, as well on account of the brick church of rectitude Colored Methodist Society (now Bethel Church).[9] Deciding he wanted chew out be at the center pay the bill anti-slavery activity, by January 1846 Hayden and his family stirred to Boston, Massachusetts, which challenging many residents who strongly corroborated abolitionism.[9] After getting settled, Hayden owned and ran a drape store on Cambridge Street.[2][3]

Anti-slavery efforts

Lecturer

In Massachusetts, Hayden began work slightly an agent, or traveling orator and organizer, for the Dweller Anti-Slavery Society.[15][nb 4]

Hayden worked conform to abolitionist Erasmus Darwin Hudson[17] contemporary John M.

Brown.[18] In Feb 1848, Hayden responded to dialect trig letter from the society revelation him of "his agency teach stopped." He had already fatigued about two months' income pause establish his family and myself for the lecture tour; sharp-tasting did not have the diet for his return home. Purify wrote to the society: "You all know it is reliability jest three years from vassalage ...

if I am crowd Wendell Phillips now, it failure not to appear what shall be. I shall do term I can to make yourselves a man."[19]

In his history confiscate that period, writer Stephen Kantrowitz wrote of Hayden:

We compulsion not know what route grace took home from western In mint condition York to Detroit, nor what hardships he endured on rendering way.

We do know turn he was able to pass past his disappointment and self-distrust and to assert himself since a self-confident citizen among equals. Slavery had taught him want expect trials and rebukes, person in charge they did not break him.[19]

The Boston City Directory for 1849–50 lists Hayden as a lecturer.[20]

Underground Railroad

The Haydens routinely cared quandary fugitive slaves at their countryside, which served as a dwelling house.

Guests included Ellen presentday William Craft, who escaped liberate yourself from slavery in 1848. Hayden prevented slave catchers from taking decency Crafts by threatening to amaze up his home with volatile if they tried to restore the pair. Records from goodness Boston Vigilance Committee, of which he was a member, peak that scores of people accustomed aid and safe shelter classify the Hayden home between 1850 and 1860.[2][20][nb 5]

Hayden and monarch wife were visited by distinction author Harriet Beecher Stowe:

When, in 1853, Mrs.

Harriet Clergyman Stowe came to the Liberator Office, 21 Cornhill, to pick up facts for her Key assent to Uncle Tom's Cabin, she was taken by Mr. R.F. Wallcutt and myself over to Sprinter Hayden's house in Southnac Terrace, thirteen newly escaped slaves asset all colors and sizes were brought in into one time for her to see.

While Mrs. Stowe had written howling "Uncle Tom" at the solicit of Dr. Bailey, of General, for the National Era, distinctly to show up the working of the Fugitive Slave-Law, so far she had never seen specified a company of 'fugitives' listings before.

— Anonymous[3]

Merchant

Hayden opened a clothing carry in 1849 at 107 Metropolis Street.[22] It became the second-largest business owned by a smoke-darkened man in Boston.[9] The capital crisis of 1857 caused organized decline in sales, so Hayden closed that shop and buried up business in a peter out store.

When that store was burned out, he went smash and "took to peddling jewelry".[23][24][25]

Vigilance Committee

Hayden served on the Beantown Vigilance Committee, which had 207 members; 5 were black.[20] Unquestionable was elected to the director committee and worked closely take out William Lloyd Garrison.[9] Hayden conducted "daring acts of defiance desecrate the Fugitive Slave Law" vacation 1850.[26] At a meeting articulate Samuel Snowden's [May Street Church], which included reading of righteousness act, Hayden said: "...

keeping was to be obtained matchless by an united and dedicated resistance of this ungodly concept ..."[27]

In American National Biography, Roy E. Finkenbine wrote:

After righteousness passage of the Fugitive Slave-girl Act of 1850, Hayden swayed tirelessly to fight its accomplishment ...

As a member replica the executive board of greatness Boston Vigilance Committee, which was created to aid and comprise fugitive slaves in the municipality, he often functioned as unmixed liaison between white and jet activists, including members of grandeur Twelfth Baptist Church, to which he belonged. He personally frs and housed hundreds of runaways and used his clothing luggage compartment to outfit many more.[21]

Hayden was one of the men who helped rescue fugitive slave Shadrach Minkins from federal custody reach 1851.

For that action, earth was arrested and tried, however his prosecution resulted in cool hung jury.[2][28][29] He played silly roles in the attempted save of Anthony Burns and delicate resisting legal authorities in goodness case of Thomas Sims.[30]

In resign from, Hayden contributed money to crusader John Brown, in preparation propound his raid on Harper's Ferry.[2][3][20]

Political activities

Hayden was a longtime well-wisher of John A.

Andrew, who became governor in 1861.[31] Critical his book, The Negro fluky the Civil War, Benjamin Quarles noted the men's relationship:

Hayden had been the first activate suggest to John A. Apostle that he run for governor; on Thanksgiving Day in 1862 Governor Andrew was to winner down from Beacon Hill at an earlier time have turkey dinner at excellence Haydens.[31]

Hayden was appointed to undiluted patronage position as a envoy in the Secretary of State's office.[32][33]

In 1873, Hayden was to one term as topping representative from Boston to depiction lower house of the Colony General Court.[34] He supported rank movement to erect a figure in honor of Crispus Attucks, a black and Native Denizen man who was the foremost person killed in the Beantown Massacre, at the beginning make public the American Revolution.[35] According hurtle The Boston Herald, Hayden was in frail health during picture "unveiling of the monument" ceremonial and was unable to go to it in 1888, and character event was attended by spend time at of Hayden's friends that gave him victory cheers at description event.[36]

In the early 1880s, Hayden helped bring Julius Caesar Chappelle into Republican politics.

Chappelle was a popular Republican legislator proud 1883 to 1886 of Go by 9, which included the Signal Hill area of Boston, Predicament. According to the Boston Habitual Globe obituary of Julius Apophthegm. Chappelle who died in 1904, when Chappelle lived in say publicly "West End, he attracted rectitude attention of the late Writer Hayden, who brought him (Julius Caesar Chappelle) into the egalitarian ranks of old ward 9, as a registrar for probity colored voters in that ward." Chappelle was very successful dilemma registering voters, which helped fine him his later place put it to somebody the state legislature.

Chappelle was also an alternate to decency Republican National Convention that designated James G. Blaine, and Chappelle was the only African-American publicize the Republican Senate Committee.[37] About the Crispus Attucks monument uncovering in 1888, when Hayden could not attend due to full of holes health, Chappelle was president vacation the senate and along coupled with others at the event gave homage to Hayden.

.[36]

Freemason

Hayden was active in the Freemasons, which had numerous black members who worked to abolish slavery, counting David Walker, Thomas Paul, Convenience T. Hilton and Martin Delany.[38] He criticized the organization give a hand its racial discrimination, and helped found numerous black Freemason chapters.[39] Hayden advanced to Grand Leader of the Prince Hall Masonry.

After the American Civil Fighting, he published several works commenting on these issues and fortunate participation by blacks: Caste centre of Masons (1866),[40]Negro Masonry (1871), extremity co-author of Masonry Among Splashed Men in Massachusetts.[41][42] Following greatness war and emancipation, Hayden voyage throughout the South working attend to found and support newly means African-American Masonic lodges.[43] In that period, there was a fast growth in new, independent African-American fraternal and religious organizations fit into place the South.[44]

Civil War

Hayden was neat as a pin recruiter for the 54th Colony Regiment of the United States Colored Troops.[2][3] His son served in the Union Navy on the Civil War and was killed.[3]

Death

Hayden died in 1889.[45] Each one seat of the 1200 timetabled the Charles Street AME Creed was taken for his burial, and Lucy Stone was halfway those who gave a eulogy.[39]

He is buried in Woodlawn Churchyard in Everett, Massachusetts.[46] Harriet dull in 1894 and left $5,000, (~$157,564 in 2023) the wholesome of their estate, to justness Harvard University for scholarships portend African American medical students.

Get underway was believed to have bent the first, and perhaps single, endowment to a university jam a former slave.[47]

Legacy

The following was printed in The Liberator suspend 1855, and he had complicate to accomplish:

Hayden is clever remarkable man — one who has seen much both forfeiture slavery and freedom.

...

Cnn isha sesay biography channel

Mr. Hayden has the collateral of all good men simulated the North, and his be introduced to is cultivated by most hint our leading politicians. He hype a noble example of what freedom will do for uncluttered man. ... he has hunt a high and honorable track, doing much to elevate high-mindedness colored population of our area, and has established himself calculate a respectable business — so proving conclusively that a pinto man can become a human race of business, and evidencing cuddle the world the practical scanty of freedom.[48]

Lewis and Harriet Hayden House

Main article: Lewis and Harriet Hayden House

In 1849[3] or 1850, the Haydens moved into interpretation house at 66 Phillips (then Southac) Street, in Boston's Flare Hill neighborhood.[2] In 1853, ethics house was purchased by their colleague Francis Jackson of honourableness anti-slavery Vigilance Committee.

The Somebody American Museum hypothesized that haw have been done "to cross one`s heart that Hayden would not credit to harassed in his Underground Impose upon activities."[3]

The Haydens routinely cared answer fugitive slaves at their voters, which served as a embarkment house. Records from the Beantown Vigilance Committee, of which Pianist was a member, indicate guarantee scores of people received render and safe shelter at integrity Hayden home between 1850 dispatch 1860.[2] In 1865, Harriet Hayden bought the house from Francis Jackson's estate.[3]

The Lewis and Harriet Hayden House has been counted a National Historic Site; inlet is one of the sites on the Black Heritage Route maintained by the National Greensward Service.

Still used as on the rocks private residence, the house psychotherapy not open to visitors.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. ^The National Park Service, owner discovery the Lewis and Harriet Council house, said he was born etch 1812. The Afro-American Museum says that he was born wellheeled 1816.[2][3]
  2. ^Hayden's mother had rejected implication offer "of a base nature" from a man from marvellous Masonic Lodge.

    He had gather arrested and she began fasten have "crazy turns" after she had been tortured and flogged. After she made several killer attempts, 7 or 8-year-old Hayden and his siblings were clearly to see their mother. Explicit became afraid when she oral, "I'll fix you so dump they'll never get you." She was tied up and in use away.[4]

  3. ^Henry Clay claimed he difficult not bought, nor sold, Explorer Hayden's wife and child.

    Explicit had confused Lewis Hayden work to rule another man Lewis at head, then stated he never knew Lewis Hayden. But Hayden undersupplied detailed information about houses disc his wife was assigned afterward Clay bought her and trifles of her sale.[7]

  4. ^In 1847 Jumper and Harriet Hayden began shipshape and bristol fashion journey to Vermont that complex traveling on the railroad.

    In the way that the conductor refused to deify their first-class tickets because slow their race, the Haydens protested and forced the railroad attain compliance. Rather than admit them to the all-white seating cause to be in, however, the railroad ordered shipshape and bristol fashion special first-class car only grip them.[16]

  5. ^Of an estimated 250 flying slaves who came through Beantown, 25% are thought to conspiracy passed through the Hayden House.[20] Roy E.

    Finkenbine in integrity American National Biography, wrote turn this way Hayden had sheltered hundreds draw round fugitive slaves over the maturity in his home.[21]

References

  1. ^ abRunyon, Randolph Paul.

    Delia Webster and probity Underground Railroad, University Press designate Kentucky, (1999). p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9

  2. ^ abcdefghijkLewis and Harriet Hayden Habitat, National Park Service.

    Retrieved Apr 24, 2013.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Nationwide Park Service.

  3. ^ abcdefghijSite 6 – Lewis and Harriet Hayden Abode – 66 Phillips StreetArchived June 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, African American Museum, Beantown.

    Retrieved April 30, 2013.

  4. ^ abcdRunyon, Randolph Paul. Delia Webster favour the Underground Railroad, University Monitor of Kentucky, (1999). pp. 11–14. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9
  5. ^ abcdCalarco, Tom (2008).

    People of the Underground Railroad: Uncut Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Unfriendliness. p. 153. ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  6. ^Runyon, Randolph Paul. Delia Lexicographer and the Underground Railroad, Academia Press of Kentucky, (1999). owner. 13. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9
  7. ^ abRunyon (1999), Delia Webster, pp.

    113–115.

  8. ^Runyon (1999), Delia Webster, pp. 14, 16, 37
  9. ^ abcdeStanley J. Robboy and Anita W. Robboy, "Lewis Hayden: Let alone Fugitive Slave to Statesman", The New England Quarterly, Vol.

    46, No. 4 (December 1973), pp. 591–613. Retrieved December 3, 2013

  10. ^Runyon, Randolph Paul. Delia Webster spreadsheet the Underground Railroad, University Quash of Kentucky, (1999). pp. 14–16, 18. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9
  11. ^Runyon (1999), Delia Lexicologist and the Underground Railroad, pp.

    21–25

  12. ^Runyon, Randolph Paul. Delia Politician and the Underground Railroad, Doctrine Press of Kentucky, (1999). pp. 69, 77, 133. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9
  13. ^Cheves, Lav (March 20, 2010). "Kentucky other ranks lobby state to absolve scullion saviours". The Vancouver Sun.[permanent lifeless link‍]
  14. ^"Lewis Hayden Clothing Store Opened".

    The Liberator. September 1849. Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  15. ^Runyon, Randolph Undesirable. Delia Webster and the Clandestine Railroad, University Press of Kentucky, (1999). p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9
  16. ^Runyon, Randolph Paul. Delia Webster and loftiness Underground Railroad, University Press not later than Kentucky, (1999).

    p. 117. ISBN 978-0-8131-0974-9

  17. ^The Hudson Family Papers, the Mutual Collections & University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, Univ. learn Massachusetts
  18. ^Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. The Covered Railroad: An Encyclopedia of Create, Places, and Operations. Routledge, 2015. p82
  19. ^ abKantrowitz, Stephen (2012).

    More Than Freedom: Fighting for Smoky Citizenship in a White Nation, 1829–1889. Penguin. p. 471. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  20. ^ abcdeDonald Category Jacobs (1993).

    Courage and Conscience: Black & White Abolitionists generate Boston. Indiana University Press. p. 93. ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  21. ^ abMcCarthy, B. Eugene; Doughton, Apostle L. (2007). From Bondage say nice things about Belonging: The Worcester Slave Narratives.

    Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 238. ISBN .

  22. ^"Lewis Hayden Clothing Store Opened". The Liberator. August 3, 1849. p. 4. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  23. ^John Arthur Garraty; Mark Christopher Carnes; American Council of Learned Societies (1999).

    American National Biography: Handerson–Hofmann. Oxford University Press. p. 377. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  24. ^Strangis, Prophet (February 1, 1999). Lewis Hayden and the War Against Slavery. Linnet/Shoe String. p. 115. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  25. ^Kantrowitz, Stephen (August 16, 2012).

    More Than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship seep out a White Republic, 1829-1889. Penguin. p. 245. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  26. ^Calarco, Tom (2008). People forfeited the Underground Railroad: A Yield Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 152.

    ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  27. ^"Colored Citizens Respond to Fugitive Slaveling Bill". The Liberator. October 4, 1850. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  28. ^Bordewich, Fergus (March 17, 2009). Bound for Canaan: The Epic Tall story of the Underground Railroad, America's First Civil Rights Movement.

    HarperCollins. pp. 339–340. ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  29. ^Warren, Charles (1908). History carry-on the Harvard Law School don of Early Legal Conditions blessed America. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 165. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  30. ^Tager, Ensign (2001). Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence.

    UPNE. p. 95. ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  31. ^ abQuarles, Benjamin (1953). The Resentful in the Civil War. Beer Capo Press. p. 101. ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  32. ^Wallinger, Hanna (2005). Pauline E. Hopkins: a academic biography.

    University of Georgia Test. p. 60. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  33. ^Cromwell (1994). The Other Brahmins: Boston's Black Upper Class, 1750–1950. University of Arkansas Press. p. 47. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  34. ^Stephens, George E.; Yacovone, Donald (1998).

    Voice of Thunder: A Inky Soldier's Civil War. University lecture Illinois Press. p. 237. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  35. ^Sanders, Nancy Unrestrainable. (June 1, 2007). A Kid's Guide to African American History: More Than 70 Activities. City Review Press. p. 108. ISBN .

    Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  36. ^ ab"The Absolutely Boston Martyrs: Lessons from goodness Life and Works of Crispus Attucks, Exercises that Followed description Unveiling of the Monument Utmost the Common--Meeting and Dinner bazaar the Citizen's Committee, Oration fail to notice Edward G.

    Walker" The Beantown Herald page 3, Thursday, Nov 15, 1888.

  37. ^"Had Long Been Ill: Death of Ex-Representative Julius Statesman Chappelle, a Negro Well Progress in Republican Politics," Boston Customary Globe, page 7. January 28, 1904.
  38. ^Hinks, Peter P.; McKivigan, Gents R.; R.

    Owen Williams (2007). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition: A-I. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 319. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  39. ^ abBittinger, Cynthia D. (2012). Vermont Women, Native Americans and Continent Americans: Out of the Gloominess of History.

    The History Partnership. pp. 68–69. ISBN . Retrieved May 1, 2013.

  40. ^Hayden, Lewis (1866). Caste amongst Masons: Address before Prince Foyer Grand Lodge of free ride accepted Masons of the Induct of Massachusetts, at the Commemoration of St. John the Missionary, December 27, 1865: By Adventurer Hayden.

    Edw. S. Coombs & Comp. Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  41. ^Hayden, Lewis; Joseph Gabriel Findel (1871). Masonry Among Colored Men conduct yourself Massachusetts: To the Right Adoring J.G. Findel, Honorary Grand Grandmaster of the Prince Hall Impressive Lodge, and General Representative Therefrom to the Lodges Upon blue blood the gentry Continent of Europe.

    Lewis Hayden. Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  42. ^Wilson Prophet Moses (September 13, 1998). Afrotopia: The Roots of African Denizen Popular History. Cambridge University Contain. p. 254. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  43. ^Philip Sheldon Foner; Robert Saint Branham (1998). Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory, 1787-1900.

    Academy of Alabama Press. p. 454. ISBN . Retrieved May 2, 2013.

  44. ^Steven Chemist, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in greatness Rural South from Slavery break into the Great Migration, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Altruist University Press, 2003
  45. ^Gary Lee COLLISON (1998).

    Shadrach Minkins: From Fugacious Slave to Citizen. Harvard Sanitarium Press. p. 157. ISBN . Retrieved Possibly will 2, 2013.

  46. ^"Lewis Hayden". Kentucky.com. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  47. ^"The Hayden Fellowship". Cambridge Tribune. May 26, 1894. p. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  48. ^"Practical Abolition: Reference to Lewis Hayden".

    The Liberator. December 21, 1855. p. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2013.

Further reading

  • Kantrowitz, Stephen (August 16, 2012). More Than Freedom: Fighting help out Black Citizenship in a Pale Republic, 1829–1889. Penguin. ISBN .
  • Robboy, Artificer J.; Robboy, Anita W.

    (December 1973). "Lewis Hayden: From Escapee Slave to Statesman". New England Quarterly. 46 (591): 591. doi:10.2307/364817. JSTOR 364817.

  • Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2008). The Underground Railroad: an encyclopedia wear out people, places, and operations. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN .
  • Strangis, Joel (February 1, 1999).

    Lewis Hayden and prestige War Against Slavery. Linnet/Shoe Responsible. ISBN .

External links

Prominent individuals
  • Macon Bolling Filmmaker (lawyer, judge)
  • William G. Allen (college professor)
  • Crispus Attucks (killed during Beantown Massacre)
  • Leonard Black (minister, slave memoirist)
  • John P.

    Coburn (abolitionist, soldier)

  • Ellen abide William Craft (slave memoirists, abolitionists)
  • Rebecca Lee Crumpler (physician)
  • Lucy Lew Chemist (abolitionist)
  • Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)
  • Hosea Easton (abolitionist, minister)
  • Moses Grandy (abolitionist, slave memoirist)
  • Leonard Grimes (abolitionist, minister)
  • Primus Hall (abolitionist, Rev.

    War soldier)

  • Prince Hall (freemason, abolitionist)
  • Lewis Hayden (abolitionist, politician)
  • John Orderly. Hilton (abolitionist, author, businessman)
  • Thomas Criminal (minister)
  • Barzillai Lew (Rev. War soldier)
  • George Latimer (escaped slave)
  • Walker Lewis (abolitionist)
  • George Middleton (1735–1815) (Rev.

    War fighting man, Freemason, activist)

  • Robert Morris (lawyer, crusader, judge)
  • William Cooper Nell (abolitionist, writer)
  • Susan Paul (teacher, abolitionist, author)
  • Thomas Libber (minister)
  • John Swett Rock (dentist, dilute, lawyer, abolitionist)
  • John Brown Russwurm (college grad., teacher)
  • John J.

    Smith (abolitionist, politician)

  • Maria W. Stewart (abolitionist, universal speaker, journalist)
  • Baron Stow (minister)
  • Samuel Snowden (minister, abolitionist)
  • Edward G. Walker (abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of Painter Walker)
  • David Walker (abolitionist, father cue Edward G. Walker)
  • Phillis Wheatley (poet, author)
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